- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

PRX Quantum

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Hyperfine Spectroscopy of Isotopically Engineered Group-IV Color Centers in Diamond

Isaac B.W. Harris1,‡, Cathryn P. Michaels2,‡, Kevin C. Chen1, Ryan A. Parker2, Michael Titze3, Jesús Arjona Martínez2, Madison Sutula1, Ian R. Christen1, Alexander M. Stramma2 et al.

William Roth2, Carola M. Purser2, Martin Hayhurst Appel2, Chao Li1, Matthew E. Trusheim4,1, Nicola L. Palmer5, Matthew L. Markham5, Edward S. Bielejec3, Mete Atatüre2,*, and Dirk Englund1,†

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 2Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
  • 3Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
  • 4DEVCOM, Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
  • 5Element Six, Global Innovation Centre, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QR, United Kingdom

  • *ma424@cam.ac.uk
  • †englund@mit.edu
  • ‡These two authors contributed equally to this work.
PDF

PRX Quantum 4, 040301 – Published 2 October, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.040301

Abstract

A quantum register coupled to a spin-photon interface is a key component in quantum communication and information processing. Group-IV color centers in diamond (SiV−, GeV−, and SnV−) are promising candidates for this application, comprising an electronic spin with optical transitions coupled to a nuclear spin as the quantum register. However, the creation of a quantum register for these color centers with deterministic and strong coupling to the spin-photon interface remains challenging. Here, we make first-principles predictions of the hyperfine parameters of the group-IV color centers, which we verify experimentally with a comprehensive comparison between the spectra of spin active and spin neutral intrinsic dopant nuclei in single GeV− and SnV− emitters. In line with the theoretical predictions, detailed spectroscopy on large sample sizes reveals that hyperfine coupling causes a splitting of the optical transition of SnV− an order of magnitude larger than the optical line width and provides a magnetic field insensitive transition. This strong coupling provides access to a new regime for quantum registers in diamond color centers, opening avenues for novel spin-photon entanglement and quantum sensing schemes for these well-studied emitters.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Popular Summary

An essential step in realizing quantum communication is the generation of entanglement between a photon, which transmits quantum information over large distances, and a spin memory, which stores the information locally during the transmission. One way of achieving this entanglement is to use a nuclear spin in a solid-state emitter as the local memory and to couple this memory to the photon via an optical transition associated with the emitter.

The group-IV color centers in diamond are promising candidates for such techniques, offering an intrinsic local spin memory in the form of a group-IV (Si, Ge, and Sn) nuclear spin. However, to date, only the Si nuclear memory has been demonstrated and it must be accessed indirectly via an electronic spin associated with the silicon-vacancy color center. Through theoretical calculations and measurement of an isotopically engineered sample, we show that the Ge and Sn memory can be accessed directly via the optical transition.

The strong coupling we observe will allow future work to leverage the excellent optical properties of the group-IV color centers to couple with high fidelity to a long-lasting nuclear spin memory in novel spin-photon entanglement protocols.

Article Text

References (79)

  1. L. Childress, D. J. Twitchen, B. Hensen, M. S. Blok, L. Robledo, R. Hanson, G. Koolstra, H. Bernien, M. Markham, T. H. Taminiau, and W. Pfaff, Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by three metres, Nature 497, 86 (2013).
  2. N. Kalb, A. A. Reiserer, P. C. Humphreys, J. J. Bakermans, S. J. Kamerling, N. H. Nickerson, S. C. Benjamin, D. J. Twitchen, M. Markham, and R. Hanson, Entanglement distillation between solid-state quantum network nodes, Science 356, 928 (2017).
  3. M. Pompili, S. L. Hermans, S. Baier, H. K. Beukers, P. C. Humphreys, R. N. Schouten, R. F. Vermeulen, M. J. Tiggelman, L. dos Santos Martins, B. Dirkse, S. Wehner, and R. Hanson, Realization of a multinode quantum network of remote solid-state qubits, Science 372, 259 (2021).
  4. P.-J. Stas, Y. Q. Huan, B. Machielse, E. N. Knall, A. Suleymanzade, B. Pingault, M. Sutula, S. W. Ding, C. M. Knaut, D. R. Assumpcao, Y.-C. Wei, M. K. Bhaskar, R. Riedinger, D. D. Sukachev, H. Park, M. Lončar, D. S. Levonian, and M. D. Lukin, Robust multi-qubit quantum network node with integrated error detection, Science 378, 557 (2022).
  5. T. Neuman, M. Eichenfield, M. E. Trusheim, L. Hackett, P. Narang, and D. Englund, A phononic interface between a superconducting quantum processor and quantum networked spin memories, npj Quantum Inf. 7, 1 (2021).
  6. H. Raniwala, S. Krastanov, L. Hackett, M. Eichenfield, D. R. Englund, and M. E. Trusheim, Spin-phonon-photon strong coupling in a piezomechanical nanocavity, preprint arXiv:2202.11291 (2022).
  7. T. Staudacher, F. Shi, S. Pezzagna, J. Meijer, J. Du, C. A. Meriles, F. Reinhard, and J. Wrachtrup, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a (5-nanometer)3 sample volume, Science 339, 561 (2013).
  8. D. Kim, M. I. Ibrahim, C. Foy, M. E. Trusheim, R. Han, and D. R. Englund, A CMOS-integrated quantum sensor based on nitrogen-vacancy centres, Nat. Electron. 2, 284 (2019).
  9. E. R. Eisenach, J. F. Barry, M. F. O’Keeffe, J. M. Schloss, M. H. Steinecker, D. R. Englund, and D. A. Braje, Cavity-enhanced microwave readout of a solid-state spin sensor, Nat. Commun. 12, 1 (2021).
  10. D. Hucul, I. V. Inlek, G. Vittorini, C. Crocker, S. Debnath, S. M. Clark, and C. Monroe, Modular entanglement of atomic qubits using photons and phonons, Nat. Phys. 11, 37 (2015).
  11. H. Choi, M. Pant, S. Guha, and D. Englund, Percolation-based architecture for cluster state creation using photon-mediated entanglement between atomic memories, npj Quantum Inf. 5, 1 (2019).
  12. M. Atatüre, D. Englund, N. Vamivakas, S. Y. Lee, and J. Wrachtrup, Material platforms for spin-based photonic quantum technologies, Nat. Rev. Mater. 3, 38 (2018).
  13. C. T. Nguyen, D. D. Sukachev, M. K. Bhaskar, B. Machielse, D. S. Levonian, E. N. Knall, P. Stroganov, C. Chia, M. J. Burek, R. Riedinger, H. Park, M. Lončar, and M. D. Lukin, An integrated nanophotonic quantum register based on silicon-vacancy spins in diamond, Phys. Rev. B 100, 165428 (2019).
  14. B. Machielse, S. Bogdanovic, S. Meesala, S. Gauthier, M. J. Burek, G. Joe, M. Chalupnik, Y. I. Sohn, J. Holzgrafe, R. E. Evans, C. Chia, H. Atikian, M. K. Bhaskar, D. D. Sukachev, L. Shao, S. Maity, M. D. Lukin, and M. Lončar, Quantum interference of electromechanically stabilized emitters in nanophotonic devices, Phys. Rev. X 9, 031022 (2019).
  15. N. H. Wan, T. J. Lu, K. C. Chen, M. P. Walsh, M. E. Trusheim, L. De Santis, E. A. Bersin, I. B. Harris, S. L. Mouradian, I. R. Christen, E. S. Bielejec, and D. Englund, Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits, Nature 583, 226 (2020).
  16. A. E. Rugar, C. Dory, S. Aghaeimeibodi, H. Lu, S. Sun, S. D. Mishra, Z. X. Shen, N. A. Melosh, and J. Vučković, Narrow-linewidth tin-vacancy centers in a diamond waveguide, ACS Photonics 7, 2356 (2020).
  17. J. Arjona Martínez, R. A. Parker, K. C. Chen, C. M. Purser, L. Li, C. P. Michaels, A. M. Stramma, R. Debroux, I. B. Harris, M. Hayhurst Appel, E. C. Nichols, M. E. Trusheim, D. A. Gangloff, D. Englund, and M. Atatüre, Photonic indistinguishability of the tin-vacancy center in nanostructured diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 173603 (2022).
  18. L. De Santis, M. E. Trusheim, K. C. Chen, and D. R. Englund, Investigation of the Stark effect on a centrosymmetric quantum emitter in diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 147402 (2021).
  19. B. Pingault, D. D. Jarausch, C. Hepp, L. Klintberg, J. N. Becker, M. Markham, C. Becher, and M. Atatüre, Coherent control of the silicon-vacancy spin in diamond, Nat. Commun. 8, 1 (2017).
  20. R. Debroux, C. P. Michaels, C. M. Purser, N. Wan, M. E. Trusheim, J. Arjona Martínez, R. A. Parker, A. M. Stramma, K. C. Chen, L. De Santis, E. M. Alexeev, A. C. Ferrari, D. Englund, D. A. Gangloff, and M. Atatüre, Quantum control of the tin-vacancy spin qubit in diamond, Phys. Rev. X 11, 041041 (2021).
  21. J. N. Becker, B. Pingault, D. Groß, M. Gündoǧan, N. Kukharchyk, M. Markham, A. Edmonds, M. Atatüre, P. Bushev, and C. Becher, All-optical control of the silicon-vacancy spin in diamond at millikelvin temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 183602 (2018).
  22. C. T. Nguyen, D. D. Sukachev, M. K. Bhaskar, B. Machielse, D. S. Levonian, E. N. Knall, P. Stroganov, R. Riedinger, H. Park, M. Lončar, and M. D. Lukin, Quantum network nodes based on diamond qubits with an efficient nanophotonic interface, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 183602 (2019).
  23. C. P. Michaels, J. A. Martinez, R. Debroux, R. A. Parker, A. M. Stramma, L. I. Huber, C. M. Purser, M. Atature, and D. A. Gangloff, Multidimensional cluster states using a single spin-photon interface coupled strongly to an intrinsic nuclear register, Quantum 5, 565 (2021).
  24. A. Russo, E. Barnes, and S. E. Economou, Generation of arbitrary all-photonic graph states from quantum emitters, New J. Phys. 21, 055002 (2019).
  25. A. Russo, E. Barnes, and S. E. Economou, Photonic graph state generation from quantum dots and color centers for quantum communications, Phys. Rev. B 98, 085303 (2018).
  26. S. Felton, A. M. Edmonds, M. E. Newton, P. M. Martineau, D. Fisher, D. J. Twitchen, and J. M. Baker, Hyperfine interaction in the ground state of the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, Phys. Rev. B—Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 79, 075203 (2009).
  27. K. Szász, T. Hornos, M. Marsman, and A. Gali, Hyperfine coupling of point defects in semiconductors by hybrid density functional calculations: The role of core spin polarization, Phys. Rev. B—Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 88, 75202 (2013).
  28. R. Kuate Defo, E. Kaxiras, and S. L. Richardson, Calculating the hyperfine tensors for group-IV impurity-vacancy centers in diamond using hybrid density functional theory, Phys. Rev. B 104, 75158 (2021).
  29. M. H. Abobeih, Y. Wang, J. Randall, S. J. Loenen, C. E. Bradley, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, B. M. Terhal, and T. H. Taminiau, Fault-tolerant operation of a logical qubit in a diamond quantum processor, Nature 606, 884 (2022).
  30. C. E. Bradley, S. W. de Bone, P. F. Möller, S. Baier, M. J. Degen, S. J. Loenen, H. P. Bartling, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, R. Hanson, D. Elkouss, and T. H. Taminiau, Robust quantum-network memory based on spin qubits in isotopically engineered diamond, npj Quantum Inf. 8, 1 (2022).
  31. C. E. Bradley, J. Randall, M. H. Abobeih, R. C. Berrevoets, M. J. Degen, M. A. Bakker, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, and T. H. Taminiau, A ten-qubit solid-state spin register with quantum memory up to one minute, Phys. Rev. X 9, 031045 (2019).
  32. W. Pfaff, T. H. Taminiau, L. Robledo, H. Bernien, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, and R. Hanson, Demonstration of entanglement-by-measurement of solid-state qubits, Nat. Phys. 9, 29 (2013).
  33. E. Neu, C. Hepp, M. Hauschild, S. Gsell, M. Fischer, H. Sternschulte, D. Steinmüller-Nethl, M. Schreck, and C. Becher, Low-temperature investigations of single silicon vacancy colour centres in diamond, New J. Phys. 15, 43005 (2013).
  34. C. Hepp, T. Müller, V. Waselowski, J. N. Becker, B. Pingault, H. Sternschulte, D. Steinmüller-Nethl, A. Gali, J. R. Maze, M. Atatüre, and C. Becher, Electronic Structure of the Silicon Vacancy Color Center in Diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 036405 (2014).
  35. K. D. Jahnke, A. Sipahigil, J. M. Binder, M. W. Doherty, M. Metsch, L. J. Rogers, N. B. Manson, M. D. Lukin, and F. Jelezko, Electron-phonon processes of the silicon-vacancy centre in diamond, New J. Phys. 17, 043011 (2015).
  36. G. G. Thiering and A. Gali, Ab initio magneto-optical spectrum of group-IV vacancy color centers in diamond, Phys. Rev. X 8, 21063 (2018).
  37. L. J. Rogers, K. D. Jahnke, M. H. Metsch, A. Sipahigil, J. M. Binder, T. Teraji, H. Sumiya, J. Isoya, M. D. Lukin, P. Hemmer, and F. Jelezko, All-optical initialization, readout, and coherent preparation of single silicon-vacancy spins in diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 263602 (2014).
  38. C. Adambukulam, H. Vallabhapurapu, B. Johnson, A. Morello, and A. Laucht, Abstract: F74.00011: All Optical Initialisation and Readout and Coherent Population Trapping of a Single Germanium Vacancy in Diamond, APS March Meeting 2023, Las Vegas, Nevada (2023).
  39. M. E. Trusheim, B. Pingault, N. H. Wan, M. Gündoğan, L. De Santis, R. Debroux, D. Gangloff, C. Purser, K. C. Chen, M. Walsh, J. J. Rose, J. N. Becker, B. Lienhard, E. Bersin, I. Paradeisanos, G. Wang, D. Lyzwa, A. R. Montblanch, G. Malladi, H. Bakhru, A. C. Ferrari, I. A. Walmsley, M. Atatüre, and D. Englund, Transform-limited photons from a coherent tin-vacancy spin in diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 023602 (2020).
  40. R. A. Parker, J. A. Martínez, K. C. Chen, A. M. Stramma, I. B. Harris, C. P. Michaels, M. E. Trusheim, M. H. Appel, C. M. Purser, W. G. Roth, D. Englund, and M. Atatüre, A diamond nanophotonic interface with an optically accessible deterministic electronuclear spin register, preprint arXiv:2305.18923 (2023).
  41. M. Tinkham, Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics (Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 1992), p. 340.
  42. M. W. Doherty, N. B. Manson, P. Delaney, and L. C. Hollenberg, The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond: The electronic solution, New J. Phys. 13, 025019 (2011).
  43. S. Meesala, Y. I. Sohn, B. Pingault, L. Shao, H. A. Atikian, J. Holzgrafe, M. Gündoǧan, C. Stavrakas, A. Sipahigil, C. Chia, R. Evans, M. J. Burek, M. Zhang, L. Wu, J. L. Pacheco, J. Abraham, E. Bielejec, M. D. Lukin, M. Atatüre, and M. Lončar, Strain engineering of the silicon-vacancy center in diamond, Phys. Rev. B 97, 205444 (2018).
  44. M. L. Munzarová, in Calculation of NMR and EPR Parameters (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2004), p. 461.
  45. P. Giannozzi, S. Baroni, N. Bonini, M. Calandra, R. Car, C. Cavazzoni, D. Ceresoli, G. L. Chiarotti, M. Cococcioni, I. Dabo, A. Dal Corso, S. De Gironcoli, S. Fabris, G. Fratesi, R. Gebauer, U. Gerstmann, C. Gougoussis, A. Kokalj, M. Lazzeri, L. Martin-Samos, N. Marzari, F. Mauri, R. Mazzarello, S. Paolini, A. Pasquarello et al., quantum espresso: A modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009).
  46. G. Feher, Observation of nuclear magnetic resonances via the electron spin resonance line, Phys. Rev. 103, 834 (1956).
  47. G. Pica, G. Wolfowicz, M. Urdampilleta, M. L. Thewalt, H. Riemann, N. V. Abrosimov, P. Becker, H. J. Pohl, J. J. Morton, R. N. Bhatt, S. A. Lyon, and B. W. Lovett, Hyperfine Stark effect of shallow donors in silicon, Phys. Rev. B—Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 90, 195204 (2014).
  48. L. B. Knight and W. Weltner, Hyperfine interaction, chemical bonding, and isotope effect in ZnH, CdH, and HgH molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 2061 (1971).
  49. M. K. Bhaskar, D. D. Sukachev, A. Sipahigil, R. E. Evans, M. J. Burek, C. T. Nguyen, L. J. Rogers, P. Siyushev, M. H. Metsch, H. Park, F. Jelezko, M. Lončar, and M. D. Lukin, Quantum nonlinear optics with a germanium-vacancy color center in a nanoscale diamond waveguide, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 223603 (2017).
  50. M. Sutula, I. Christen, E. Bersin, M. P. Walsh, K. C. Chen, J. Mallek, A. Melville, M. Titze, E. S. Bielejec, S. Hamilton, D. Braje, P. B. Dixon, and D. R. Englund, Large-scale optical characterization of solid-state quantum emitters, Nat. Mater. (2023).
  51. A. Dietrich, K. D. Jahnke, J. M. Binder, T. Teraji, J. Isoya, L. J. Rogers, and F. Jelezko, Isotopically varying spectral features of silicon-vacancy in diamond, New J. Phys. 16, 113019 (2014).
  52. E. A. Ekimov, S. G. Lyapin, K. N. Boldyrev, M. V. Kondrin, R. Khmelnitskiy, V. A. Gavva, T. V. Kotereva, and M. N. Popova, Germanium-vacancy color center in isotopically enriched diamonds synthesized at high pressures, JETP Lett. 102, 701 (2015).
  53. E. A. Ekimov, V. S. Krivobok, S. G. Lyapin, P. S. Sherin, V. A. Gavva, and M. V. Kondrin, Anharmonicity effects in impurity-vacancy centers in diamond revealed by isotopic shifts and optical measurements, Phys. Rev. B 95, 094113 (2017).
  54. T. Iwasaki, F. Ishibashi, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Doi, S. Kobayashi, T. Miyazaki, K. Tahara, K. D. Jahnke, L. J. Rogers, B. Naydenov, F. Jelezko, S. Yamasaki, S. Nagamachi, T. Inubushi, N. Mizuochi, and M. Hatano, Germanium-vacancy single color centers in diamond, Sci. Rep. 5, 12882 (2015).
  55. Y. Narita, P. Wang, K. Ikeda, K. Oba, Y. Miyamoto, T. Taniguchi, S. Onoda, M. Hatano, and T. Iwasaki, Multiple tin-vacancy centers in diamond with nearly identical photon frequency and linewidth, Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 024061 (2023).
  56. J. Görlitz, D. Herrmann, P. Fuchs, T. Iwasaki, T. Taniguchi, D. Rogalla, D. Hardeman, P. O. Colard, M. Markham, M. Hatano, and C. Becher, Coherence of a charge stabilised tin-vacancy spin in diamond, npj Quantum Inf. 8, 1 (2022).
  57. M. Titze, H. Byeon, A. Flores, J. Henshaw, C. T. Harris, A. M. Mounce, and E. S. Bielejec, In situ ion counting for improved implanted ion error rate and silicon vacancy yield uncertainty, Nano Lett. 22, 3212 (2022).
  58. V. Chandrasekaran, M. Titze, A. R. Flores, D. Campbell, J. Henshaw, A. C. Jones, E. S. Bielejec, and H. Htoon, High-yield deterministic focused ion beam implantation of quantum defects enabled by in situ photoluminescence feedback, Adv. Sci. 2023, 2300190 (2023).
  59. J. J. Bollinger, J. D. Prestage, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland, Laser-cooled-atomic frequency standard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1000 (1985).
  60. J. M. Kindem, A. Ruskuc, J. G. Bartholomew, J. Rochman, Y. Q. Huan, and A. Faraon, Control and single-shot readout of an ion embedded in a nanophotonic cavity, Nature 580, 201 (2020).
  61. M. Onizhuk, K. C. Miao, J. P. Blanton, H. Ma, C. P. Anderson, A. Bourassa, D. D. Awschalom, and G. Galli, Probing the coherence of solid-state qubits at avoided crossings, PRX Quantum 2, 10311 (2021).
  62. J. N. Becker, B. Pingault, D. Groß, M. Gündoǧan, N. Kukharchyk, M. Markham, A. Edmonds, M. Atatüre, P. Bushev, and C. Becher, All-optical control of the silicon-vacancy spin in diamond at millikelvin temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 053603 (2018).
  63. S. Asaad, V. Mourik, B. Joecker, M. A. I. Johnson, A. D. Baczewski, H. R. Firgau, M. T. Madzik, V. Schmitt, J. J. Pla, F. E. Hudson, K. M. Itoh, J. C. McCallum, A. S. Dzurak, A. Laucht, and A. Morello, Coherent electrical control of a single high-spin nucleus in silicon, Nature 579, 205 (2019).
  64. M. Prabhu, C. Errando-Herranz, L. De Santis, I. Christen, C. Chen, C. Gerlach, and D. Englund, Individually addressable and spectrally programmable artificial atoms in silicon photonics, Nat. Commun. 14, 1 (2023).
  65. D. B. Higginbottom, A. T. Kurkjian, C. Chartrand, M. Kazemi, N. A. Brunelle, E. R. MacQuarrie, J. R. Klein, N. R. Lee-Hone, J. Stacho, M. Ruether, C. Bowness, L. Bergeron, A. DeAbreu, S. R. Harrigan, J. Kanaganayagam, D. W. Marsden, T. S. Richards, L. A. Stott, S. Roorda, K. J. Morse, M. L. Thewalt, and S. Simmons, Optical observation of single spins in silicon, Nature 607, 266 (2022).
  66. K. C. Miao, A. Bourassa, C. P. Anderson, S. J. Whiteley, A. L. Crook, S. L. Bayliss, G. Wolfowicz, G. Thiering, P. Udvarhelyi, V. Ivády, H. Abe, T. Ohshima, Á. Gali, and D. D. Awschalom, Electrically driven optical interferometry with spins in silicon carbide, Sci. Adv. 5, eaay0527 (2019).
  67. G. Wolfowicz, C. P. Anderson, B. Diler, O. G. Poluektov, F. J. Heremans, and D. D. Awschalom, Vanadium spin qubits as telecom quantum emitters in silicon carbide, Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz1192 (2020).
  68. A. L. Crook, C. P. Anderson, K. C. Miao, A. Bourassa, H. Lee, S. L. Bayliss, D. O. Bracher, X. Zhang, H. Abe, T. Ohshima, E. L. Hu, and D. D. Awschalom, Purcell enhancement of a single silicon carbide color center with coherent spin control, Nano Lett. 20, 3427 (2020).
  69. X. Wang, C. Zimmermann, M. Titze, V. Niaouris, E. R. Hansen, S. H. D’ambrosia, L. Vines, E. S. Bielejec, and K.-M. C. Fu, Properties of donor qubits in ZnO formed by indium-ion implantation, Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 54090 (2023).
  70. J. Görlitz, D. Herrmann, G. Thiering, P. Fuchs, M. Gandil, T. Iwasaki, T. Taniguchi, M. Kieschnick, J. Meijer, M. Hatano, A. Gali, and C. Becher, Spectroscopic investigations of negatively charged tin-vacancy centres in diamond, New J. Phys. 22, 013048 (2020).
  71. P. Giannozzi, O. Andreussi, T. Brumme, O. Bunau, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, M. Calandra, R. Car, C. Cavazzoni, D. Ceresoli, M. Cococcioni, N. Colonna, I. Carnimeo, A. Dal Corso, S. De Gironcoli, P. Delugas, R. A. Distasio, A. Ferretti, A. Floris, G. Fratesi, G. Fugallo, R. Gebauer, U. Gerstmann, F. Giustino, T. Gorni, J. Jia et al., Advanced capabilities for materials modelling with quantum espresso, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29, 465901 (2017).
  72. C. J. Pickard and F. Mauri, All-electron magnetic response with pseudopotentials: NMR chemical shifts, Phys. Rev. B 63, 245101 (2001).
  73. M. S. Bahramy, M. H. Sluiter, and Y. Kawazoe, Pseudopotential hyperfine calculations through perturbative core-level polarization, Phys. Rev. B—Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 76, 035124 (2007).
  74. J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, Generalized gradient approximation made simple, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996).
  75. C. J. Ciccarino, J. Flick, I. B. Harris, M. E. Trusheim, D. R. Englund, and P. Narang, Strong spin-orbit quenching via the product Jahn-Teller effect in neutral group IV qubits in diamond, npj Quantum Mater. 5, 1 (2020).
  76. A. T. Gilbert, N. A. Besley, and P. M. Gill, Self-consistent field calculations of excited states using the maximum overlap method (MOM), J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 13164 (2008).
  77. G. Thiering and A. Gali, The (eg⊗eu) ⊗Eg product Jahn-Teller effect in the neutral group-IV vacancy quantum bits in diamond, npj Comput. Mater. 5, 18 (2019).
  78. I. Harris, C. J. Ciccarino, J. Flick, D. R. Englund, and P. Narang, Group-III quantum defects in diamond are stable spin-1 color centers, Phys. Rev. B 102, 195206 (2020).
  79. C. Hepp, Ph.D. thesis, Universität des Saarlandes, 2014.

Outline

Information

PRX Quantum 4, 040301– Published 2 October, 2023
  • Received 6 June 2023
  • Accepted 7 August 2023
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation