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  • Featured in Physics
  • Open Access

Overhead in Quantum Circuits with Time-Multiplexed Qubit Control

Marvin Richter*, Ingrid Strandberg, Simone Gasparinetti, and Anton Frisk Kockum†

  • *Contact author: marvin.richter@chalmers.se
  • †Contact author: anton.frisk.kockum@chalmers.se
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PRX Quantum 7, 020308 – Published 14 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/82cj-lfzy

Abstract

When scaling up quantum processors in a cryogenic environment, it is desirable to limit the number of qubit drive lines going into the cryostat, since fewer lines make cooling of the system more manageable and the need for complicated electronics setups is reduced. However, although time multiplexing of qubit control enables using just a few drive lines to steer many qubits, it comes with a trade-off: fewer drive lines means fewer qubits can be controlled in parallel, which leads to an overhead in the execution time for quantum algorithms. In this article, we quantify this trade-off through numerical and analytical investigations. For standard quantum processor layouts and typical gate times, we show that the trade-off is favorable for many common quantum algorithms—the number of drive lines can be significantly reduced without introducing much overhead. Specifically, we show that couplers for two-qubit gates can be grouped on common drive lines without any overhead up to a limit set by the connectivity of the qubits. For single-qubit gates, we find that the serialization overhead generally scales only logarithmically in the number of qubits sharing a drive line, and the serialization overhead relative to total quantum circuit duration tends to grow only sublinearly or stay nearly constant with the total number of qubits on the quantum processor. These results are promising for continued progress toward large-scale quantum computers.

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Focus

Reducing Wires in Quantum Computers

Published 14 April, 2026

A wire-sharing protocol can minimize the number of wires in a quantum processor without significantly reducing speed, a new theoretical study shows.

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Popular Summary

Each qubit in a solid-state quantum computer requires individual control wires, straining the space and cooling capacity of the fridge housing the computer. Time multiplexing—several qubits sharing a single control wire by addressing them one after another—could drastically cut the number of wires, but forces some operations to wait their turn, extending computation time. We quantify this trade-off numerically for common quantum processors and algorithms and support our results with arguments from queueing theory. For two-qubit gates, we find that couplers can share control wires with no penalty at all, up to a limit set by qubit connectivity. For single-qubit gates, the computation-time overhead grows surprisingly slowly (logarithmically) with the number of qubits sharing a wire. Relative to the total computation time, this overhead also scales slowly with the quantum processor size. These results suggest that time multiplexing is a viable and important engineering technique on the road to large-scale quantum computers.

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Outline

Information

PRX Quantum 7, 020308– Published 14 April, 2026
  • Received 21 October 2025
  • Revised 23 January 2026
  • Accepted 24 February 2026
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