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Logical entanglement distribution between distant two-dimensional array qubits

Yuya Maeda1,*, Yasunari Suzuki2,3,4,†, Toshiki Kobayashi1,5, Takashi Yamamoto1,5, Yuuki Tokunaga2, and Keisuke Fujii1,5,4

  • 1Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
  • 2NTT Computer and Data Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Musashino 180-8585, Japan
  • 3JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
  • 4Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
  • 5Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Osaka 560-0043, Japan

  • *Contact author: maeda-yuya@qi.mp.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
  • †Contact author: yasunari.suzuki@riken.jp
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013282 – Published 12 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/m9gc-n3dl

Abstract

Sharing logical entangled pairs between distant quantum nodes is a key process to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation and communication. However, there is a gap between current experimental specifications and theoretical requirements for sharing logical entangled states while improving experimental techniques. Here, we propose an efficient logical entanglement distribution protocol based on surface codes for two distant two-dimensional qubit array with nearest-neighbor interaction. A notable feature of our protocol is that it allows postselection according to error estimations, which provides the tunability between the infidelity of logical entanglements and the success probability of the protocol. With this feature, the fidelity of encoded logical entangled states can be improved by sacrificing success rates. We numerically evaluated the performance of our protocol and the trade-off relationship, and found that our protocol enables us to prepare logical entangled states while improving fidelity in feasible experimental parameters. We also discuss a possible physical implementation using neutral atom arrays to show the feasibility of our protocol.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013282– Published 12 March, 2026
  • Received 9 April 2025
  • Accepted 9 February 2026
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