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  • Open Access

Harvesting chemical power from cyclic environments

Pranay Jaiswal, Ivar S. Haugerud, Hidde D. Vuijk, and Christoph A. Weber*

  • Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Engineering: Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany

  • *Contact author: christoph.weber@physik.uni-augsburg.de
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023289 – Published 12 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kfmy-lb48

Abstract

Life relies on a sophisticated metabolic molecular machinery that turns over high-energy molecules to evolve complex macromolecules and assemblies. At the molecular origin of life, such machinery was absent, implying the need for simple yet robust physical mechanisms to harvest energy from the environment and perform chemical work or produce chemical power. However, the mechanisms involved in harvesting energy from a macroscopic cyclic environment to drive chemical processes on the molecular scale remain elusive. In this work, we propose a theory that describes the kinetics of chemical reactions in a system subject to a cyclic reservoir with varying properties. We compare cycles of solvent (wet-dry cycles), with cycles of a component participating in a chemical reaction (reactant cycle). We find that for both wet-dry and reactant cycles, resonance frequencies exist at which the chemical power is maximal. We identify which cycle type is more beneficial in harvesting chemical power for different molecular interactions. Our findings of harvest efficiencies around 10% suggest that the cyclic environment could have played a key role in catalyzing the metabolic molecular machinery at the molecular origin of life.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023289– Published 12 June, 2026
  • Received 11 November 2025
  • Accepted 17 April 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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