- Open Access
Entanglement and dynamical scaling laws in quantum superabsorption
Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033035 – Published 9 July, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jtgg-tbnw
Abstract
Quantum batteries (QBs) exploit collective quantum resources to surpass the limits of classical energy storage and power delivery. We analyze -qubit cavity-coupled QBs governed by Dicke and Tavis-Cummings models under Gaussian driving and open-system dynamics. Finite-size scaling laws demonstrate an optimal region of relaxation and dephasing where coherent driving stabilizes entanglement entropy growth for thermodynamic observables (maximum energy , charging time , and maximum power ) and for qubit and cavity entanglement entropies. The Dicke model exhibits entropy-suppressed extensive behavior, while the Tavis-Cummings model achieves superextensive scaling with , and , supported by qubit-cavity entanglement. We demonstrate that dissipation can act as a stabilizer source, yielding scaling benchmarks that are relevant to several experimental platforms. Our findings connect entanglement, dissipation-enhanced scaling laws, and superabsorption, outlining a pathway toward scalable quantum batteries offering practical quantum advantage.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (89)
- K. D. B. Higgins, B. W. Lovett, E. M. Gauger, M. M. Kohl, and S. C. Benjamin, Superabsorption of light via quantum engineering, Nat. Commun. 5, 4705 (2014).
- R. H. Dicke, Coherence in spontaneous radiation processes, Phys. Rev. 93, 99 (1954).
- R. Horodecki, P. Horodecki, M. Horodecki, and K. Horodecki, Quantum entanglement, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 865 (2009).
- S. Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, and on Machines Fitted to Develop That Power (Bachelier, Paris, 1824), Vol. 108, p. 1824.
- E. Fermi, Thermodynamics, Dover Books on Physics (Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2012).
- M. Kardar, Statistical Physics of Particles (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).
- S. Vinjanampathy and J. Anders, Quantum thermodynamics, Contemp. Phys. 57, 545 (2016).
- F. Binder, L. A. Correa, C. Gogolin, J. Anders, and G. Adesso, Thermodynamics in the quantum regime, Fundamental Theories of Physics (Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2018), Vol. 195.
- M. Herrera, J. H. Reina, I. D’Amico, and R. M. Serra, Correlation-boosted quantum engine: A proof-of-principle demonstration, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 043104 (2023).
- K. V. Hovhannisyan, M. Perarnau-Llobet, M. Huber, and A. Acín, Entanglement generation is not necessary for optimal work extraction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 240401 (2013).
- F. Campaioli, F. A. Pollock, F. C. Binder, L. Céleri, J. Goold, S. Vinjanampathy, and K. Modi, Enhancing the charging power of quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 150601 (2017).
- F. Campaioli, F. A. Pollock, and K. Modi, Quantum batteries: Energy extraction, storage, and transfer beyond classical limits, Fundamen. Theor. Phys. 195, 207 (2018).
- F. Campaioli, S. Gherardini, J. Q. Quach, M. Polini, and G. M. Andolina, Colloquium: Quantum batteries, Rev. Mod. Phys. 96, 031001 (2024).
- S. Julià-Farré, T. Salamon, A. Riera, M. N. Bera, and M. Lewenstein, Bounds on the capacity and power of quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 023113 (2020).
- X. Yang, Y.-H. Yang, M. Alimuddin, R. Salvia, S.-M. Fei, L.-M. Zhao, S. Nimmrichter, and M.-X. Luo, Battery capacity of energy-storing quantum systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 030402 (2023).
- K. Ito and G. Watanabe, Collectively enhanced high-power and high-capacity charging of quantum batteries via quantum heat engines, arXiv:2008.07089.
- J. Liu, D. Segal, and G. Hanna, Loss-free excitonic quantum battery, J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 18303 (2019).
- S. Gherardini, F. Campaioli, F. Caruso, and F. C. Binder, Stabilizing open quantum batteries by sequential measurements, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 013095 (2020).
- K. Xu, H.-J. Zhu, G.-F. Zhang, and W.-M. Liu, Enhancing the performance of an open quantum battery via environment engineering, Phys. Rev. E 104, 064143 (2021).
- J. H. Reina, L. Quiroga, and N. F. Johnson, Decoherence of quantum registers, Phys. Rev. A 65, 032326 (2002).
- J. Q. Quach and W. J. Munro, Using dark states to charge and stabilize open quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 024092 (2020).
- J. H. Reina, Quantum information processing in nanostructures, Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford, 2002.
- R. Alicki and M. Fannes, Entanglement boost for extractable work from ensembles of quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. E 87, 042123 (2013).
- D. Ferraro, M. Campisi, G. M. Andolina, V. Pellegrini, and M. Polini, High-power collective charging of a solid-state quantum battery, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 117702 (2018).
- J. Q. Quach, X. L. Han, L. Ganzer, A. Bosch Aguilera, J. H. Mentink, X. Tong, J. O. Tollerud, J. A. Davis, W. J. Munro, J. Romero, and T. J. Davis, Superabsorption in an organic microcavity: Toward a quantum battery, Sci. Adv. 8, eabk3160 (2022).
- F. Kamin, F. Campaioli, F. C. Binder, and S. Kurtz, Charging assisted by non-Markovianity in open quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. E 102, 052109 (2020).
- A. Ghosh, T. Chanda, and A. Sen (De), Enhancing the performance of quantum batteries by ordered and disordered interactions, Phys. Rev. A 104, 032207 (2021).
- M. Tavis and F. W. Cummings, Exact solution for an -molecule—Radiation-field Hamiltonian, Phys. Rev. 170, 379 (1968).
- S. Agarwal, S. M. H. Rafsanjani, and J. H. Eberly, Tavis-Cummings model beyond the rotating wave approximation: Quasidegenerate qubits, Phys. Rev. A 85, 043815 (2012).
- K. Fujii, Introduction to the rotating wave approximation (RWA): Two coherent oscillations, J. Mod. Phys. 8, 2042 (2017).
- P. Forn-Díaz, L. Lamata, E. Rico, J. Kono, and E. Solano, Ultrastrong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction, Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 025005 (2019).
- T. Jaako, Z.-L. Xiang, J. J. Garcia-Ripoll, and P. Rabl, Ultrastrong-coupling phenomena beyond the Dicke model, Phys. Rev. A 94, 033850 (2016).
- G. M. Andolina, M. Keck, A. Mari, V. Giovannetti, and M. Polini, Extractable work, the role of correlations, and asymptotic freedom in quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 047702 (2019).
- F. Campaioli, F. A. Pollock, and S. Vinjanampathy, in Fundamental Theories of Physics, edited by F. Binder, L. A. Correa, C. Gogolin, J. Anders, and G. Adesso (Springer, 2018), Vol. 195, pp. 207–225.
- J. Hausinger and M. Grifoni, Qubit-oscillator system: Analytic treatment of the ultra-strong coupling regime, Phys. Rev. A 82, 062320 (2010).
- S. Ashhab and F. Nori, Two-level systems driven by large-amplitude fields, Phys. Rev. A 81, 042311 (2010).
- A. F. Kockum, A. Miranowicz, S. De Liberato, S. Savasta, and F. Nori, Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter, Nat. Rev. Phys. 1, 19 (2019).
- F. Yoshihara, T. Fuse, S. Ashhab, K. Kakuyanagi, S. Saito, and K. Semba, Superconducting qubit–oscillator circuit beyond the ultrastrong-coupling regime, Nat. Phys. 13, 44 (2017).
- M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010).
- H.-P. Breuer and F. Petruccione, The Theory of Open Quantum Systems (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002).
- J. Anders and M. Esposito, Focus on quantum thermodynamics, New J. Phys. 19, 010201 (2017).
- F. Binder, L. A. Correa, C. Gogolin, J. Anders, and G. Adesso, Thermodynamics in the Quantum Regime, Fundamental Theories of Physics (Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2018), Vol. 195, pp. 43–73.
- J. H. Reina, C. E. Susa, and F. F. Fanchini, Extracting information from qubit-environment correlations, Sci. Rep. 4, 7443 (2014).
- H. J. Carmichael, An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics (Springer, Berlin, 1993).
- D. F. Walls and G. J. Milburn, Quantum Optics, 2nd ed. (Springer, Berlin, 2008).
- F. Campaioli, J. H. Cole, and H. Hapuarachchi, Quantum master equations: Tips and tricks for quantum optics, quantum computing, and beyond, PRX Quantum 5, 020202 (2024).
- V. Gorini, A. Kossakowski, and E. C. G. Sudarshan, Completely positive dynamical semigroups of -level systems, J. Math. Phys. 17, 821 (1976).
- G. Lindblad, On the generators of quantum dynamical semigroups, Commun. Math. Phys. 48, 119 (1976).
- N. Shammah, S. Ahmed, N. Lambert, S. D. Liberato, and F. Nori, Open quantum systems with local and collective incoherent processes: Efficient numerical simulations using permutational invariance, Phys. Rev. A 98, 063815 (2018).
- J. Dalibard, Y. Castin, and K. Mølmer, Wave-function approach to dissipative processes in quantum optics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 580 (1992).
- R. Dum, P. Zoller, and H. Ritsch, Monte Carlo simulation of the atomic master equation for spontaneous emission, Phys. Rev. A 45, 4879 (1992).
- J. Johansson, P. Nation, and F. Nori, QuTiP: An open-source Python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183, 1760 (2012).
- J. Johansson, P. Nation, and F. Nori, QuTiP 2: A Python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems, Comput. Phys. Commun. 184, 1234 (2013).
- N. Lambert, E. Giguère, P. Menczel, B. Li, P. Hopf, G. Suárez, M. Gali, J. Lishman, R. Gadhvi, and R. Agarwal, Others QuTiP 5: The quantum toolbox in Python, Phys. Rep. 1153, 1 (2026).
- J. H. Eberly, N. B. Narozhny, and J. J. Sanchez-Mondragon, Periodic spontaneous collapse and revival in a simple quantum model, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1323 (1980).
- S. J. D. Phoenix and P. L. Knight, Collapse and revival of the entanglement between a single atom and a quantum field mode, Phys. Rev. A 44, 6023 (1991).
- B. W. Shore and P. L. Knight, The Jaynes–Cummings model, J. Mod. Opt. 40, 1195 (1993).
- B. M. Garraway, The Dicke model in quantum optics: Dicke model revisited, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 1137 (2011).
- K.-M. Fan and G.-F. Zhang, Geometric quantum discord and entanglement between two atoms in Tavis-Cummings model with dipole-dipole interaction under intrinsic decoherence, Eur. Phys. J. D 68, 163 (2014).
- V. M. Bastidas, J. H. Reina, C. Emary, and T. Brandes, Entanglement and parametric resonance in driven quantum systems, Phys. Rev. A 81, 012316 (2010).
- A. Jarmola, V. M. Acosta, K. Jensen, S. Chemerisov, and D. Budker, Temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent longitudinal spin relaxation in nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 197601 (2012).
- P. L. Stanwix, L. M. Pham, J. R. Maze, D. Le Sage, T. K. Yeung, P. Cappellaro, P. R. Hemmer, A. Yacoby, M. D. Lukin, and R. L. Walsworth, Coherence of nitrogen-vacancy electronic spin ensembles in diamond, Phys. Rev. B 82, 201201 (2010).
- H. Seo, A. L. Falk, P. V. Klimov, K. C. Miao, G. Galli, and D. D. Awschalom, Quantum decoherence dynamics of divacancy spins in silicon carbide, Nat. Commun. 7, 12935 (2016).
- J. Alexander, G. Dold, O. W. Kennedy, M. Šimėnas, J. O’Sullivan, C. W. Zollitsch, S. Welinski, A. Ferrier, E. Lafitte-Houssat, T. Lindström, et al., Coherent spin dynamics of rare-earth doped crystals in the high-cooperativity regime, Phys. Rev. B 106, 245416 (2022).
- J. Zhang, P. Wang, W. Chen, et al., Single-ion information engine for charging a quantum battery, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 140403 (2025).
- C. Bardot, M. Schwab, M. Bayer, S. Fafard, Z. Wasilewski, and P. Hawrylak, Exciton lifetime in quantum dot molecules, Phys. Rev. B 72, 035314 (2005).
- N. Accanto, F. Masia, I. Moreels, Z. Hens, W. Langbein, and P. Borri, Engineering the spin-flip limited exciton dephasing in colloidal CdSe/CdS quantum dots, ACS Nano 6, 5227 (2012).
- G. Koolstra, E. O. Glen, N. R. Beysengulov, H. Byeon, K. E. Castoria, M. Sammon, S. A. Lyon, D. G. Rees, and J. Pollanen, Strong coupling of a microwave photon to an electron on helium, arXiv:2509.14506.
- C.-K. Hu et al., Optimal charging of a superconducting quantum battery, Quantum Sci. Technol. 7, 045018 (2022).
- F.-Q. Dou and F.-M. Yang, Superconducting transmon qubit-resonator quantum battery, Phys. Rev. A 107, 023725 (2023).
- F.-Q. Dou, Y.-J. Wang, and J.-A. Sun, Highly efficient charging and discharging of three-level quantum batteries through shortcuts to adiabaticity, Front. Phys. 17, 31503 (2022).
- H. Hu, S. Qi, and J. Jing, Fast and stable charging via a shortcut to adiabaticity, arXiv:2104.12143.
- W. E. Salazar, O. Calderón-Losada, and J. H. Reina, Linear-nonlinear duality for circuit design on quantum computing platforms, arXiv:2310.20416.
- F. Mazzoncini, V. Cavina, G. M. Andolina, P. A. Erdman, and V. Giovannetti, Optimal control methods for quantum batteries, Phys. Rev. A 107, 032218 (2023).
- S.-F. Qi and J. Jing, Quantum recharging by shortcut to adiabaticity, Phys. Lett. A 530, 130124 (2025).
- S. Diehl, A. Micheli, A. Kantian, B. Kraus, H. P. Büchler, and P. Zoller, Quantum states and phases in driven open quantum systems with cold atoms, Nat. Phys. 4, 878 (2008).
- J. T. Barreiro, M. Müller, P. Schindler, D. Nigg, T. Monz, M. Chwalla, M. Hennrich, C. F. Roos, P. Zoller, and R. Blatt, An open-system quantum simulator with trapped ions, Nature (London) 470, 486 (2011).
- P. M. Harrington, E. J. Mueller, and K. W. Murch, Engineered dissipation for quantum information science, Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 660 (2022).
- P. Lodahl, A. F. van Driel, I. S. Nikolaev, A. Irman, K. Overgaag, D. Vanmaekelbergh, and W. L. Vos, Controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emission from quantum dots by photonic crystals, Nature (London) 430, 654 (2004).
- L. Cywiński, W. M. Witzel, and S. Das Sarma, How to enhance dephasing time in superconducting qubits by dynamical decoupling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 057601 (2009).
- J. Eckel, J. H. Reina, and M. Thorwart, Coherent control of an effective two-level system in a non-Markovian biomolecular environment, New J. Phys. 11, 085001 (2009).
- H.-P. Breuer, E.-M. Laine, J. Piilo, and B. Vacchini, Colloquium: Non-Markovian dynamics in open quantum systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 021002 (2016).
- I. de Vega and D. Alonso, Dynamics of non-Markovian open quantum systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 015001 (2017).
- I. A. Luchnikov, S. V. Vintskevich, D. A. Grigoriev, and S. N. Filippov, Machine learning non-Markovian quantum dynamics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 140502 (2020).
- J. M. Scarpetta, J. H. Reina, and M. Hjorth-Jensen, Machine learning non-Markovian two-level quantum noise spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Res. 7, 043285 (2025).
- A. Altherr and W. Yang, Quantum metrology for non-Markovian processes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 060501 (2021).
- S. Martina, S. Gherardini, and F. Caruso, Machine learning classification of non-Markovian noise disturbing quantum dynamics, Phys. Scr. 98, 035104 (2023).
- E. M. Ronchetti and P. J. Huber, Robust Statistics (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009).
- P. J. Rousseeuw and A. M. Leroy, Robust Regression and Outlier Detection (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2003).