- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Multilevel spectral navigation with geometric diabatic-adiabatic control

Christian Ventura-Meinersen*, Edmondo Valvo, Stefano Bosco, and Maximilian Rimbach-Russ

  • *Contact author: c.venturameinersen@tudelft.nl
PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 8, L032034 – Published 28 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/hfv7-3pxt

Abstract

We introduce a geometric framework for efficient few-parameter pulse optimization in multilevel quantum systems, enabling high-fidelity state transfer beyond the adiabatic limit. Our method interpolates smoothly between adiabatic and diabatic dynamics to minimize unwanted excitations and maximize desired transitions even within a multilevel structure. Crucially, for single-parameter pulse control, the optimization reduces to solving a first-order ordinary differential equation. We showcase the flexibility of our diabatic-adiabatic protocols through two examples in spin-based quantum information processing: state initialization and qubit state transfer.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (115)

  1. S. J. Glaser, U. Boscain, T. Calarco, C. P. Koch, W. Köckenberger, R. Kosloff, I. Kuprov, B. Luy, S. Schirmer, T. Schulte-Herbrüggen, D. Sugny, and F. K. Wilhelm, Training Schrödinger's cat: Quantum optimal control, Eur. Phys. J. D 69, 279 (2015).
  2. A. Izmalkov, M. Grajcar, E. Il’ichev, N. Oukhanski, T. Wagner, H.-G. Meyer, W. Krech, M. H. S. Amin, A. M. van den Brink, and A. M. Zagoskin, Observation of macroscopic Landau-Zener transitions in a superconducting device, Europhys. Lett. 65, 844 (2004).
  3. C. Berke, E. Varvelis, S. Trebst, A. Altland, and D. P. Di Vincenzo, Transmon platform for quantum computing challenged by chaotic fluctuations, Nat. Commun. 13, 2495 (2022).
  4. S. A. Moses, C. H. Baldwin, M. S. Allman, R. Ancona, L. Ascarrunz, C. Barnes, J. Bartolotta, B. Bjork, P. Blanchard, M. Bohn, et al., A race-track trapped-ion quantum processor, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041052 (2023).
  5. K. Alexander, A. Benyamini, D. Black, D. Bonneau, S. Burgos, B. Burridge, H. Cable, G. Campbell, G. Catalano, A. Ceballos, et al., A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing, Nature (London) 641, 876 (2025).
  6. T. Higuchi, C. Heide, K. Ullmann, H. B. Weber, and P. Hommelhoff, Light-field-driven currents in graphene, Nature (London) 550, 224 (2017).
  7. M. Aghaee, A. Alcaraz Ramirez, Z. Alam, R. Ali, M. Andrzejczuk, A. Antipov, M. Astafev, A. Barzegar, B. Bauer, J. Becker, et al., Interferometric single-shot parity measurement in InAs–Al hybrid devices, Nature (London) 638, 651 (2025).
  8. J. R. Petta, H. Lu, and A. C. Gossard, A coherent beam splitter for electronic spin states, Science 327, 669 (2010).
  9. H. Ribeiro, G. Burkard, J. R. Petta, H. Lu, and A. C. Gossard, Coherent adiabatic spin control in the presence of charge noise using tailored pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 086804 (2013).
  10. F. C. Binder, S. Vinjanampathy, K. Modi, and J. Goold, Quantacell: Powerful charging of quantum batteries, New J. Phys. 17, 075015 (2015).
  11. N. Khaneja, R. Brockett, and S. J. Glaser, Time optimal control in spin systems, Phys. Rev. A 63, 032308 (2001).
  12. A. Carlini, A. Hosoya, T. Koike, and Y. Okudaira, Time-optimal quantum evolution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 060503 (2006).
  13. L. S. Pontryagin, Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes (Routledge, London, 2017).
  14. V. Boltyanski, H. Martini, and V. Soltan, in Geometric Methods and Optimization Problems, Combinatorial Optimization, edited by D.-Z. Du and P. M. Pardalos (Springer US, Boston, MA, 1999), Vol. 4.
  15. A. Carlini, A. Hosoya, T. Koike, and Y. Okudaira, Time-optimal unitary operations, Phys. Rev. A 75, 042308 (2007).
  16. U. Boscain, M. Sigalotti, and D. Sugny, Introduction to the Pontryagin maximum principle for quantum optimal control, PRX Quantum 2, 030203 (2021).
  17. T. Koike, Quantum brachistochrone, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 380, 20210273 (2022).
  18. A. T. Rezakhani, W.-J. Kuo, A. Hamma, D. A. Lidar, and P. Zanardi, Quantum adiabatic brachistochrone, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 080502 (2009).
  19. H. Y. Walelign, X. Cai, B. Li, E. Barnes, and J. M. Nichol, Dynamically corrected gates in silicon singlet-triplet spin qubits, Phys. Rev. Appl. 22, 064029 (2024).
  20. A. A. Stepanenko, K. S. Chernova, and M. A. Gorlach, Time-optimal transfer of the quantum state in long qubit arrays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 010803 (2025).
  21. N. Khaneja, T. Reiss, C. Kehlet, T. Schulte-Herbrüggen, and S. J. Glaser, Optimal control of coupled spin dynamics: Design of NMR pulse sequences by gradient ascent algorithms, J. Magn. Reson. 172, 296 (2005).
  22. D. L. Goodwin and M. S. Vinding, Accelerated Newton-Raphson GRAPE methods for optimal control, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, L012042 (2023).
  23. T. Caneva, T. Calarco, and S. Montangero, Chopped random-basis quantum optimization, Phys. Rev. A 84, 022326 (2011).
  24. S. Fauquenot, A. Sarkar, and S. Feld, Open and closed loop approaches for energy efficient quantum optimal control, Adv. Quantum Technol. 8, 2400690 (2025).
  25. S. R. Katiraee-Far, Y. Matsumoto, B. Undseth, M. D. Smet, V. Gualtieri, C. V. Meinersen, I. F. de Fuentes, K. Capannelli, M. Rimbach-Russ, G. Scappucci, L. M. K. Vandersypen, and E. Greplova, Unified evolutionary optimization for high-fidelity spin qubit operations, arXiv:2503.12256 [quant-ph].
  26. J. M. Martinis and M. R. Geller, Fast adiabatic qubit gates using only σz control, Phys. Rev. A 90, 022307 (2014).
  27. M. Rimbach-Russ, S. G. J. Philips, X. Xue, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Simple framework for systematic high-fidelity gate operations, Quantum Sci. Technol. 8, 045025 (2023).
  28. Y.-H. Wu, L. C. Camenzind, P. Bütler, I. K. Jin, A. Noiri, K. Takeda, T. Nakajima, T. Kobayashi, G. Scappucci, H.-S. Goan, and S. Tarucha, Simultaneous high-fidelity single-qubit gates in a spin qubit array, arXiv:2507.11918 [quant-ph].
  29. İ. Polat, R. W. J. Overwater, M. Rimbach-Russ, and F. Sebastiano, Pulse shaping for ultra-fast adiabatic quantum gates, npj Quantum Inf. (2026).
  30. K. Bergmann, H. Theuer, and B. W. Shore, Coherent population transfer among quantum states of atoms and molecules, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 1003 (1998).
  31. F. Motzoi, J. M. Gambetta, P. Rebentrost, and F. K. Wilhelm, Simple pulses for elimination of leakage in weakly nonlinear qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 110501 (2009).
  32. M. V. Berry, Transitionless quantum driving, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 42, 365303 (2009).
  33. C. De Grandi and A. Polkovnikov, Adiabatic Perturbation Theory: From Landau-Zener Problem to Quenching through a Quantum Critical Point (Springer, Berlin, 2010), pp. 75–114.
  34. O. V. Ivakhnenko, S. N. Shevchenko, and F. Nori, Nonadiabatic Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana transitions, dynamics, and interference, Phys. Rep. 995, 1 (2023).
  35. A. C. Vutha, A simple approach to the Landau-Zener formula, Eur. J. Phys. 31, 389 (2010).
  36. F. Motzoi, J. M. Gambetta, S. T. Merkel, and F. K. Wilhelm, Optimal control methods for rapidly time-varying Hamiltonians, Phys. Rev. A 84, 022307 (2011).
  37. X. Chen, E. Torrontegui, and J. G. Muga, Lewis-Riesenfeld invariants and transitionless quantum driving, Phys. Rev. A 83, 062116 (2011).
  38. H. Ribeiro, A. Baksic, and A. A. Clerk, Systematic Magnus-based approach for suppressing leakage and nonadiabatic errors in quantum dynamics, Phys. Rev. X 7, 011021 (2017).
  39. D. Sels and A. Polkovnikov, Minimizing irreversible losses in quantum systems by local counterdiabatic driving, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, E3909 (2017).
  40. L. S. Theis, F. Motzoi, S. Machnes, and F. K. Wilhelm, Counteracting systems of diabaticities using DRAG controls: The status after 10 years, Europhys. Lett. 123, 60001 (2018).
  41. Y. Ban, X. Chen, and G. Platero, Fast long-range charge transfer in quantum dot arrays, Nanotechnology 29, 505201 (2018).
  42. K. Takahashi, Hamiltonian engineering for adiabatic quantum computation: Lessons from shortcuts to adiabaticity, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 061002 (2019).
  43. Y. Ban, X. Chen, S. Kohler, and G. Platero, Spin entangled state transfer in quantum dot arrays: Coherent adiabatic and speed-up protocols, Adv. Quantum Technol. 2, 1900048 (2019).
  44. D. Guéry-Odelin, A. Ruschhaupt, A. Kiely, E. Torrontegui, S. Martínez-Garaot, and J. G. Muga, Shortcuts to adiabaticity: Concepts, methods, and applications, Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 045001 (2019).
  45. F. Setiawan, P. Groszkowski, H. Ribeiro, and A. A. Clerk, Analytic design of accelerated adiabatic gates in realistic qubits: General theory and applications to superconducting circuits, PRX Quantum 2, 030306 (2021).
  46. K. Takahashi, Dynamical invariant formalism of shortcuts to adiabaticity, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 380, 20220301 (2022).
  47. E. P. Glasbrenner and W. P. Schleich, The Landau–Zener formula made simple, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 56, 104001 (2023).
  48. S. Dengis, S. Wimberger, and P. Schlagheck, Accelerated creation of NOON states with ultracold atoms via counterdiabatic driving, Phys. Rev. A 111, L031301 (2025).
  49. S. V. Romero, X. Chen, G. Platero, and Y. Ban, Optimizing edge-state transfer in a Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain via hybrid analog-digital strategies, Phys. Rev. Appl. 21, 034033 (2024).
  50. X.-F. Liu, Y. Matsumoto, T. Fujita, A. Ludwig, A. D. Wieck, and A. Oiwa, Accelerated adiabatic passage of a single electron spin qubit in quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 027002 (2024).
  51. J. Xu, Y.-X. Du, and W. Huang, Improving coherent population transfer via a stricter adiabatic condition, Phys. Rev. A 100, 023848 (2019).
  52. F. Fehse, M. David, M. Pioro-Ladrière, and W. A. Coish, Generalized fast quasiadiabatic population transfer for improved qubit readout, shuttling, and noise mitigation, Phys. Rev. B 107, 245303 (2023).
  53. J. R. F. Lima and G. Burkard, Partial Landau-Zener transitions and applications to qubit shuttling, Phys. Rev. B 111, 235439 (2025).
  54. P. Richerme, C. Senko, J. Smith, A. Lee, S. Korenblit, and C. Monroe, Experimental performance of a quantum simulator: Optimizing adiabatic evolution and identifying many-body ground states, Phys. Rev. A 88, 012334 (2013).
  55. J. Roland and N. J. Cerf, Quantum search by local adiabatic evolution, Phys. Rev. A 65, 042308 (2002).
  56. S. Martínez-Garaot, A. Ruschhaupt, J. Gillet, T. Busch, and J. G. Muga, Fast quasiadiabatic dynamics, Phys. Rev. A 92, 043406 (2015).
  57. J.-F. Chen, Speeding up quantum adiabatic processes with a dynamical quantum geometric tensor, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 023252 (2022).
  58. D. Fernández-Fernández, Y. Ban, and G. Platero, Flying spin qubits in quantum dot arrays driven by spin-orbit interaction, Quantum 8, 1533 (2024).
  59. A. Baksic, H. Ribeiro, and A. A. Clerk, Speeding up adiabatic quantum state transfer by using dressed states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 230503 (2016).
  60. E. Barnes, F. A. Calderon-Vargas, W. Dong, B. Li, J. Zeng, and F. Zhuang, Dynamically corrected gates from geometric space curves, Quantum Sci. Technol. 7, 023001 (2022).
  61. F. Zhuang, J. Zeng, S. E. Economou, and E. Barnes, Noise-resistant Landau-Zener sweeps from geometrical curves, Quantum 6, 639 (2022).
  62. X. Wang, L. S. Bishop, J. P. Kestner, E. Barnes, K. Sun, and S. Das Sarma, Composite pulses for robust universal control of singlet–triplet qubits, Nat. Commun. 3, 997 (2012).
  63. E. Piliouras, D. Lucarelli, and E. Barnes, An automated geometric space curve approach for designing dynamically corrected gates, npj Quantum Inf. 12, 46 (2026).
  64. C. Ventura-Meinersen, S. Bosco, and M. Rimbach-Russ, Quantum geometric protocols for fast high-fidelity adiabatic state transfer, EPJ Quantum Technol. 12, 125 (2025).
  65. C. V. Meinersen, D. Fernandez-Fernandez, G. Platero, and M. Rimbach-Russ, Unifying adiabatic state-transfer protocols with (α, β)-hypergeometries, arXiv:2504.08031 [quant-ph].
  66. D. Liska and V. Gritsev, Hidden symmetries, the Bianchi classification and geodesics of the quantum geometric ground-state manifolds, SciPost Phys. 10, 020 (2021).
  67. G. E. Murgida, D. A. Wisniacki, and P. I. Tamborenea, Coherent control of interacting electrons in quantum dots via navigation in the energy spectrum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 036806 (2007).
  68. G. E. Murgida, D. A. Wisniacki, and P. I. Tamborenea, Coherent control of localization, entanglement, and state superpositions in a double quantum dot with two electrons, Phys. Rev. B 79, 035326 (2009).
  69. R. Cheng, Quantum geometric tensor (Fubini-Study metric) in simple quantum system: A pedagogical introduction, arXiv:1012.1337 [math-ph, physics:quant-ph].
  70. M. Tomka, L. Campos Venuti, and P. Zanardi, Accuracy of the adiabatic-impulse approximation for closed and open quantum systems, Phys. Rev. A 97, 032121 (2018).
  71. T. Suzuki and H. Nakazato, Generalized adiabatic impulse approximation, Phys. Rev. A 105, 022211 (2022).
  72. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/hfv7-3pxt for which we report the motivation for the diabatic ansatz, a runtime analysis in comparison with GRAPE, a Lindblad noise analysis, and provide an automated parameter optimization.
  73. Adding a σy term allows us to rewrite the Hamiltonian as Ĥ=n⃗·σ⃗ with the unit vector on the sphere n⃗. The resulting geometry is then given by the geometry of the Bloch sphere [65]. For state transfer between the computational states |0〉,|1〉, we only require the evolution along the azimuthal angle, which corresponds to z(t) in the main text.
  74. G. Burkard, T. D. Ladd, A. Pan, J. M. Nichol, and J. R. Petta, Semiconductor spin qubits, Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 025003 (2023).
  75. A. E. Seedhouse, T. Tanttu, R. C. Leon, R. Zhao, K. Y. Tan, B. Hensen, F. E. Hudson, K. M. Itoh, J. Yoneda, C. H. Yang, A. Morello, A. Laucht, S. N. Coppersmith, A. Saraiva, and A. S. Dzurak, Pauli blockade in silicon quantum dots with spin-orbit control, PRX Quantum 2, 010303 (2021).
  76. D. J. Niegemann, V. El-Homsy, B. Jadot, M. Nurizzo, B. Cardoso-Paz, E. Chanrion, M. Dartiailh, B. Klemt, V. Thiney, C. Bäuerle, P.-A. Mortemousque, B. Bertrand, H. Niebojewski, M. Vinet, F. Balestro, T. Meunier, and M. Urdampilleta, Parity and singlet-triplet high-fidelity readout in a silicon double quantum dot at 0.5 K, PRX Quantum 3, 040335 (2022).
  77. X. Zhang, E. Morozova, M. Rimbach-Russ, D. Jirovec, T.-K. Hsiao, P. C. Fariña, C.-A. Wang, S. D. Oosterhout, A. Sammak, G. Scappucci, M. Veldhorst, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Universal control of four singlet–triplet qubits, Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 209 (2025).
  78. D. Jirovec, A. Hofmann, A. Ballabio, P. M. Mutter, G. Tavani, M. Botifoll, A. Crippa, J. Kukucka, O. Sagi, F. Martins, J. Saez-Mollejo, I. Prieto, M. Borovkov, J. Arbiol, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, and G. Katsaros, A singlet-triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge, Nat. Mater. 20, 1106 (2021).
  79. D. Jirovec, P. M. Mutter, A. Hofmann, A. Crippa, M. Rychetsky, D. L. Craig, J. Kukucka, F. Martins, A. Ballabio, N. Ares, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Burkard, and G. Katsaros, Dynamics of hole singlet-triplet qubits with large g-factor differences, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 126803 (2022).
  80. D. Fernández-Fernández, Y. Ban, and G. Platero, Quantum control of hole spin qubits in double quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Appl. 18, 054090 (2022).
  81. D. Fernández-Fernández, J. C. Bayer, R. J. Haug, and G. Platero, Long-range transport in asymmetric quadruple quantum dot configurations, Commun. Phys. 8, 410 (2025).
  82. H. Tidjani, D. Denora, M. Chan, J. H. Ungerer, B. van Straaten, S. D. Oosterhout, L. Stehouwer, G. Scappucci, and M. Veldhorst, A three-dimensional array of quantum dots, arXiv:2512.01634 [cond-mat].
  83. D. Jirovec, P. C. Fariña, S. Reale, S. D. Oosterhout, X. Zhang, S. De Snoo, A. Sammak, G. Scappucci, M. Veldhorst, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Mitigation of exchange crosstalk in dense quantum dot arrays, Phys. Rev. Appl. 24, 034051 (2025).
  84. P. C. Fariña, D. Jirovec, X. Zhang, E. Morozova, S. D. Oosterhout, S. Reale, T.-K. Hsiao, G. Scappucci, M. Veldhorst, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Site-resolved magnon and triplon dynamics on a programmable quantum dot spin ladder, arXiv:2506.08663 [cond-mat].
  85. M. Rimbach-Russ, V. John, B. van Straaten, and S. Bosco, Gapless single-spin qubit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 197001 (2025).
  86. E. G. Kelly, L. Massai, B. Hetényi, M. Pita-Vidal, A. Orekhov, C. Carlsson, I. Seidler, K. Tsoukalas, L. Sommer, M. Aldeghi, S. W. Bedell, S. Paredes, F. J. Schupp, M. Mergenthaler, A. Fuhrer, G. Salis, and P. Harvey-Collard, Identifying and mitigating errors in hole spin qubit readout, arXiv:2504.06898 [cond-mat].
  87. J. H. Ungerer, A. Pally, A. Kononov, S. Lehmann, J. Ridderbos, P. P. Potts, C. Thelander, K. A. Dick, V. F. Maisi, P. Scarlino, A. Baumgartner, and C. Schönenberger, Strong coupling between a microwave photon and a singlet-triplet qubit, Nat. Commun. 15, 1068 (2024).
  88. S. Geyer, B. Hetényi, S. Bosco, L. C. Camenzind, R. S. Eggli, A. Fuhrer, D. Loss, R. J. Warburton, D. M. Zumbühl, and A. V. Kuhlmann, Anisotropic exchange interaction of two hole-spin qubits, Nat. Phys. 20, 1152 (2024).
  89. F. van Riggelen-Doelman, C.-A. Wang, S. L. de Snoo, W. I. L. Lawrie, N. W. Hendrickx, M. Rimbach-Russ, A. Sammak, G. Scappucci, C. Déprez, and M. Veldhorst, Coherent spin qubit shuttling through germanium quantum dots, Nat. Commun. 15, 5716 (2024).
  90. F. van Riggelen, W. I. L. Lawrie, M. Russ, N. W. Hendrickx, A. Sammak, M. Rispler, B. M. Terhal, G. Scappucci, and M. Veldhorst, Phase flip code with semiconductor spin qubits, npj Quantum Inf. 8, 124 (2022).
  91. S. Bosco, P. Scarlino, J. Klinovaja, and D. Loss, Fully tunable longitudinal spin-photon interactions in Si and Ge quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 066801 (2022).
  92. T.-K. Hsiao, P. Cova Fariña, S. D. Oosterhout, D. Jirovec, X. Zhang, C. J. van Diepen, W. I. L. Lawrie, C.-A. Wang, A. Sammak, G. Scappucci, M. Veldhorst, E. Demler, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Exciton transport in a germanium quantum dot ladder, Phys. Rev. X 14, 011048 (2024).
  93. J. Saez-Mollejo, D. Jirovec, Y. Schell, J. Kukucka, S. Calcaterra, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, M. Rimbach-Russ, S. Bosco, and G. Katsaros, Exchange anisotropies in microwave-driven singlet-triplet qubits, Nat. Commun. 16, 3862 (2025).
  94. M. T. Nguyen, M. Rimbach-Russ, L. M. Vandersypen, and S. Bosco, Single-step high-fidelity three-qubit gates by anisotropic chiral interactions, PRX Quantum 6, 030326 (2025).
  95. M. Jakob, K. Laubscher, P. D. Vecchio, A. Chatterjee, V. Fatemi, and S. Bosco, Fast readout of quantum dot spin qubits via Andreev spins, arXiv:2506.19762 [cond-mat].
  96. E. Valvo, M. Jakob, P. D. Vecchio, M. Rimbach-Russ, and S. Bosco, Electrically tuneable variability in germanium hole spin qubits, arXiv:2512.12702 [cond-mat].
  97. E. Valvo, C. Ventura-Meinersen, M. Jakob, S. Bosco, T. Vakhtel, and M. Rimbach-Russ, Probing electrostatic disorder via g-tensor geometry, arXiv:2604.09475 [cond-mat].
  98. K. Takeda, A. Noiri, T. Nakajima, T. Kobayashi, and S. Tarucha, Quantum error correction with silicon spin qubits, Nature (London) 608, 682 (2022).
  99. X. Xue, M. Russ, N. Samkharadze, B. Undseth, A. Sammak, G. Scappucci, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Quantum logic with spin qubits crossing the surface code threshold, Nature (London) 601, 343 (2022).
  100. M. De Smet, Y. Matsumoto, A.-M. J. Zwerver, L. Tryputen, S. L. de Snoo, S. V. Amitonov, S. R. Katiraee-Far, A. Sammak, N. Samkharadze, Ö. Gül, R. N. M. Wasserman, E. Greplová, M. Rimbach-Russ, G. Scappucci, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, High-fidelity single-spin shuttling in silicon, Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 866 (2025).
  101. D. Jirovec, S. Reale, P. Cova Fariña, C. Ventura-Meinersen, M. P. Nguyen, X. Zhang, S. D. Oosterhout, G. Scapucci, M. Veldhorst, M. Rimbach-Russ, S. Bosco, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Many-body interferometry with semiconductor spins, Science 392, 183 (2026).
  102. F. Ginzel, A. R. Mills, J. R. Petta, and G. Burkard, Spin shuttling in a silicon double quantum dot, Phys. Rev. B 102, 195418 (2020).
  103. A. M. Pazhedath, A. David, M. Oberländer, M. M. Müller, T. Calarco, H. Bluhm, and F. Motzoi, Large spin-shuttling oscillations enabling high-fidelity single-qubit gates, Phys. Rev. Appl. 24, 034029 (2025).
  104. R. Németh, V. K. Bandaru, P. Alves, M. P. Losert, E. Brann, O. M. Eskandari, H. Soomro, A. Vivrekar, M. A. Eriksson, and M. Friesen, Omnidirectional shuttling to avoid valley excitations in Si/SiGe quantum wells, PRX Quantum 7, 010336 (2026).
  105. M. P. Losert, M. Oberlander, J. D. Teske, M. Volmer, L. R. Schreiber, H. Bluhm, S. N. Coppersmith, and M. Friesen, Strategies for enhancing spin-shuttling fidelities in Si/SiGe quantum wells with random-alloy disorder, PRX Quantum 5, 040322 (2024).
  106. D. Fernández-Fernández, Y. Matsumoto, L. M. K. Vandersypen, G. Platero, and S. Bosco, Spin-orbit-enabled realization of arbitrary two-qubit gates on moving spins, arXiv:2508.08394 [cond-mat].
  107. Y. Matsumoto, M. D. Smet, L. Tryputen, S. L. de Snoo, S. V. Amitonov, A. Sammak, M. Rimbach-Russ, G. Scappucci, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Two-qubit logic and teleportation with mobile spin qubits in silicon, Nature (London) 653, 391 (2026).
  108. Z. Ademi, M. Bassi, C. X. Yu, S. L. de Snoo, S. D. Oosterhout, A. Sammak, L. M. K. Vandersypen, G. Scappucci, C. Déprez, and M. Veldhorst, Distributing entanglement between distant semiconductor qubit registers using a shared-control shuttling link, arXiv:2510.26860 [cond-mat].
  109. L. M. K. Vandersypen, H. Bluhm, J. S. Clarke, A. S. Dzurak, R. Ishihara, A. Morello, D. J. Reilly, L. R. Schreiber, and M. Veldhorst, Interfacing spin qubits in quantum dots and donors—Hot, dense, and coherent, npj Quantum Inf. 3, 34 (2017).
  110. A. Tosato, A. Elsayed, F. Poggiali, L. E. A. Stehouwer, D. Costa, K. L. Hudson, D. Degli Esposti, and G. Scappucci, A crossbar chip for benchmarking semiconductor spin qubits, Nat. Electron. 9, 324 (2026).
  111. R. Li, V. Levajac, C. Godfrin, S. Kubicek, G. Simion, B. Raes, S. Beyne, I. Fattal, A. Loenders, W. D. Roeck, M. Mongillo, D. Wan, and K. D. Greve, A trilinear quantum dot architecture for semiconductor spin qubits, arXiv:2501.17814 [quant-ph].
  112. A. S. Ivlev, D. R. Crielaard, M. Meyer, W. I. L. Lawrie, N. W. Hendrickx, A. Sammak, Y. Matsumoto, L. M. K. Vandersypen, G. Scappucci, C. Déprez, and M. Veldhorst, Operating semiconductor qubits without individual barrier gates, Phys. Rev. X 15, 031042 (2025).
  113. A. Thayil, L. Ermoneit, and M. Kantner, Theory of valley splitting in Si/SiGe spin qubits: Interplay of strain, resonances, and random alloy disorder, Phys. Rev. B 112, 115303 (2025).
  114. C.-A. Wang, V. John, H. Tidjani, C. X. Yu, A. S. Ivlev, C. Déprez, F. van Riggelen-Doelman, B. D. Woods, N. W. Hendrickx, W. I. L. Lawrie, L. E. A. Stehouwer, S. D. Oosterhout, A. Sammak, M. Friesen, G. Scappucci, S. L. de Snoo, M. Rimbach-Russ, F. Borsoi, and M. Veldhorst, Operating semiconductor quantum processors with hopping spins, Science 385, 447 (2024).
  115. Public repository found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18612868.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 8, L032034– Published 28 August, 2026
  • Received 18 March 2026
  • Accepted 14 July 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation