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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Entanglement dynamics and Page curves in random permutation circuits

Dávid Szász-Schagrin1,*, Michele Mazzoni1,*, Bruno Bertini2, Katja Klobas2, and Lorenzo Piroli1,†

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: lorenzo.piroli@unibo.it
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, L012061 – Published 13 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d8tm-1586

Abstract

The characterization of ensembles of many-qubit random states and their realization via quantum circuits are crucial tasks in quantum-information theory. In this work, we study the ensembles generated by quantum circuits that randomly permute the computational basis, thus acting classically on the corresponding states. We focus on the averaged entanglement and present two main results. First, we derive generically tight upper bounds on the entanglement that can be generated by applying permutation circuits to arbitrary initial states. We show that the late-time “entanglement Page curves” are bounded in terms of the initial state participation entropies and their overlap with the “maximally antilocalized” state. Generally speaking, this result states that the quantum correlations generated by classical circuits are bounded in terms of some quantum property of the initial state (namely, the degree to which it can be written as a superposition of classical states). Second, comparing the averaged Rényi-2 entropies generated by (1) an infinitely deep random circuit of two-qubit gates and (2) global random permutations, we show that the two quantities are different for finite N but the corresponding Page curves coincide in the thermodynamic limit. We also discuss how these conclusions are modified by additional random phases or considering circuits of k-local gates with k≥3. Our results are exact and highlight the implications of classical features on entanglement generation in many-body systems.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, L012061– Published 13 March, 2026
  • Received 8 June 2025
  • Accepted 19 December 2025
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