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Direct estimation of arbitrary observables of an oscillator

Tanjung Krisnanda1,*,†, Fernando Valadares1,*, Kyle Timothy Ng Chu1,2, Pengtao Song1, Adrian Copetudo1, Clara Yun Fontaine1, Lukáš Lachman3, Radim Filip3, and Yvonne Y. Gao1,4,‡

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: tanjung@nus.edu.sg.
  • ‡Contact author: yvonne.gao@nus.edu.sg
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023026 – Published 8 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/72f2-tgwp

Abstract

Quantum harmonic oscillators serve as fundamental building blocks for quantum information processing, particularly in the context of the bosonic circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) platform. Conventional methods for extracting oscillator properties rely on predefined analytical gate sequences to access a restricted set of observables or resource-intensive tomography processes. Here, we introduce the Optimized Routine for Estimation of any Observable (OREO), a numerically optimized protocol that maps the expectation value of arbitrary oscillator observables onto that of an ancillary qubit. We demonstrate OREO in a bosonic cQED system as a means to efficiently measure phase-space quadratures and their higher moments, directly obtain faithful non-Gaussianity ranks, and effectively achieve state preparation independent of initial conditions in the oscillator. These results position OREO as a valuable tool for direct and efficient information extraction from bosonic quantum states, unlocking possibilities for measurement, control, and state preparation in continuous-variable quantum information processing.

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Corrections

23 April, 2026

Correction: The name of the seventh author was misspelled and has been corrected.

Article Text

Supplemental Material

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023026– Published 8 April, 2026
  • Received 29 April 2025
  • Accepted 24 February 2026
  • Corrected 23 April 2026
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