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Metarepresentational competence in quantum mechanics change of basis problems

Idris Malik* and Warren Christensen†

  • *Contact author: idris.malik@ndsu.edu
  • †Contact author: warren.christensen@ndsu.edu

Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 22, 010130 – Published 12 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1pby-45md

Abstract

Metarepresentational competence (MRC) is a theoretical framework that is used to analyze how people create and interact with external representations. Within quantum mechanics, problems may be approached or perceived differently based on the notation used (such as Dirac, Matrix, or Spinor notation) in the problem statement or by the person working on the problem. Semistructured interviews were conducted to present physics students with change of basis content problems in the context of quantum mechanics. These content questions were paired with MRC-focused follow-up questions for the explicit purpose of asking students about MRC concepts directly. Student statements were coded to confirm previously identified MRC concepts and to identify MRC concepts that are novel in this data. Our analysis of three student interviews demonstrates an array of MRC concepts, the usefulness of asking direct questions about MRC concepts as part of an interview, and solidifies MRC as a useful lens for investigating student thinking.

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Focused Collection in Investigating and Improving Quantum Education through Research

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