Forward-backward multiplicity correlation strengths have been measured with the STAR detector for $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ and $p+p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\mathrm{GeV}$. Strong short- and long-range correlations (LRC) are seen in central $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions. The magnitude of these correlations decrease with decreasing centrality until only short-range correlations are observed in peripheral $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions. Both the dual parton model (DPM) and the color glass condensate (CGC) predict the existence of the long-range correlations. In the DPM, the fluctuation in the number of elementary (parton) inelastic collisions produces the LRC. In the CGC, longitudinal color flux tubes generate the LRC. The data are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the DPM and indicate the presence of multiple parton interactions.

An attempt to confirm the reported direct one-proton and two-proton decays of the ($21+$) isomer at 6.7(5) MeV in ${}^{94}\mathrm{Ag}$ has been made. The 0.39(4) s half-life of the isomer permitted use of a helium-jet system to transport reaction products from the ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}+{}^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{Ni}$ reaction at 197 MeV to a low-background area; 24 gas $\Delta E\mathrm{\text{−}}(\mathrm{Si})E$ detector telescopes were used to identify emitted protons down to 0.4 MeV. No evidence was obtained for two-proton radioactivity with a summed energy of 1.9(1) MeV and a branching ratio of 0.5(3)%. Two groups of one-proton radioactivity from this isomer had also been reported; our data confirm the lower energy group at 0.79(3) MeV with its branching ratio of 1.9(5)%.

An excited state in the proton-rich unbound nucleus ${}^{12}\mathrm{O}$ was identified at 1.8(4) MeV via missing-mass spectroscopy with the ${}^{14}\mathrm{O}(p,t)$ reaction at $51A\mathrm{MeV}$. The spin-parity of the state was determined to be $0^{+}$ or $2^{+}$ by comparing the measured differential cross sections with distorted-wave calculations. The lowered location of the excited state in ${}^{12}\mathrm{O}$ indicates the breakdown of the major shell closure at $Z=8$ near the proton drip line. This demonstrates the persistence of mirror symmetry in the disappearance of the magic number 8 between ${}^{12}\mathrm{O}$ and its mirror partner ${}^{12}\mathrm{Be}$.

The non-Abelian Landau-Pomeranschuk-Migdal (LPM) effect arises from the quantum interference between spatially separated, inelastic radiation processes in matter. A consistent probabilistic implementation of this LPM effect is a prerequisite for extending the use of Monte Carlo (MC) event generators to the simulation of jetlike multiparticle final states in nuclear collisions. Here, we propose a local MC algorithm, which is based solely on relating the LPM effect to the probabilistic concept of formation time for virtual quanta. This accounts probabilistically for the characteristic $L^2$ dependence of average parton energy loss and the characteristic $1/\sqrt{\omega }$ modification of the non-Abelian LPM effect. Additional kinematic constraints are found to modify these $L^2$ and $\omega$ dependencies characteristically in accordance with analytical estimates.

For a hard parton moving through a dense QCD medium, we compute self-consistently the energy loss and the fraction deposited into the medium due to showering and rescattering of the shower, assuming weak coupling between probe and medium. The same transport coefficients thus determine both the energy loss and its deposition into the medium. This allows a parameter free calculation of the latter once the former are computed or measured. We compute them for a weakly interacting medium. Assuming a short thermalization time for the deposited energy, we determine the medium’s hydrodynamical response and obtain a conical pattern that is strongly enhanced by showering.

We use the anti–de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence to show that the heavy quark (static) potential in a strongly coupled plasma develops an imaginary part at finite temperature. Thus, deeply bound heavy quarkonia states acquire a small nonzero thermal width when the ’t Hooft coupling $\lambda =g^2{N}_c\gg 1$ and the number of colors $N_c\to \infty$. In the dual gravity description, this imaginary contribution comes from thermal fluctuations around the bottom of the classical sagging string in the bulk that connects the heavy quarks located at the boundary. We predict a strong suppression of ${\rm Y}$’s in heavy-ion collisions and discuss how this may be used to estimate the initial temperature.

Cross sections for the ${}^3\mathrm{He}(e,e^{\prime }pn){}^1\mathrm{H}$ reaction were measured for the first time at energy transfers of 220 and 270 MeV for several momentum transfers ranging from 300 to $450\mathrm{MeV}/c$. Cross sections are presented as a function of the momentum of the recoil proton and the momentum transfer. Continuum Faddeev calculations using the Argonne $V18$ and Bonn-B nucleon-nucleon potentials overestimate the measured cross sections by a factor 5 at low recoil proton momentum with the discrepancy becoming smaller at higher recoil proton momentum.

Present ultrafast laser optics is at the frontier between atto- and zeptosecond photon pulses, giving rise to unprecedented applications. We show that high-energetic photon pulses down to the yoctosecond time scale can be produced in heavy-ion collisions. We focus on photons produced during the initial phase of the expanding quark-gluon plasma. We study how the time evolution and properties of the plasma may influence the duration and shape of the photon pulse. Prospects for achieving double-peak structures suitable for pump-probe experiments at the yoctosecond time scale are discussed.

We report the first confirmation of the predicted inversion between the $\pi 2p_{3/2}$ and $\pi 1f_{5/2}$ nuclear states in the $\nu g_{9/2}$ midshell. This was achieved at the ISOLDE facility, by using a combination of in-source laser spectroscopy and collinear laser spectroscopy on the ground states of ${}^{71,73,75}\mathrm{Cu}$, which measured the nuclear spin and magnetic moments. The obtained values are $\mu ({}^{71}\mathrm{Cu})=+2.2747(8){\mu }_N$, $\mu ({}^{73}\mathrm{Cu})=+1.7426(8){\mu }_N$, and $\mu ({}^{75}\mathrm{Cu})=+1.0062(13){\mu }_N$ corresponding to spins $I=3/2$ for ${}^{71,73}\mathrm{Cu}$ and $I=5/2$ for ${}^{75}\mathrm{Cu}$. The results are in fair agreement with large-scale shell-model calculations.

Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons are used to probe $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=200\mathrm{GeV}$ and are compared to charged pion probes, which have a larger hadronic scattering cross section. Three-dimensional Gaussian source radii are extracted, along with a one-dimensional kaon emission source function. The centrality dependences of the three Gaussian radii are well described by a single linear function of $N_{\mathrm{part}}^{1/3}$ with a zero intercept. Imaging analysis shows a deviation from a Gaussian tail at $r\gtrsim 10\mathrm{fm}$, although the bulk emission at lower radius is well described by a Gaussian. The presence of a non-Gaussian tail in the kaon source reaffirms that the particle emission region in a heavy-ion collision is extended, and that similar measurements with pions are not solely due to the decay of long-lived resonances.

The scaling properties of jet-suppression measurements are compared for nonphotonic electrons ($e^{\pm }$) and neutral pions (${\pi }^0$) in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\mathrm{GeV}$. For a broad range of transverse momenta and collision centralities, the comparison is consistent with jet quenching dominated by radiative energy loss for both heavy and light partons. Less quenching is indicated for heavy quarks via $e^{\pm }$; this gives an independent estimate of the transport coefficient $\widehat{q}$ that agrees with its magnitude obtained from quenching of light partons via ${\pi }^0$’s.

Finite range calculations for the ($\alpha$, $2\alpha$) reactions are performed for the first time to remove huge inconsistencies obtained earlier in conventional zero range analyses. Vagaries of the energy dependent experimental observations up to 200 MeV are understood using the well-established nuclear radii and distorting optical potentials. The results are found to be sensitive to the short distance behavior of the $\alpha \mathrm{\text{−}}\alpha$ interaction, indicating the utility of the knockout reactions as a probe of the knockout vertex at short distances. Our approach paves the way to include finite range effects in atomic and molecular physics as also in neutron multiplication calculations.

Independent verification of the production of element 114 in the reaction of 244-MeV ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ with ${}^{242}\mathrm{Pu}$ is presented. Two chains of time- and position-correlated decays have been assigned to ${}^{286}114$ and ${}^{287}114$. The observed decay modes, half-lives, and decay energies agree with published results. The measured cross sections at a center-of-target energy of 244 MeV for the ${}^{242}\mathrm{Pu}({}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},3–4n){}^{287,286}114$ reactions were ${1.4}_{-1.2}^{+3.2}\mathrm{pb}$ each, which are lower than the reported values.

We report first results on a deep subthreshold production of the doubly strange hyperon ${\Xi }^{-}$ in a heavy-ion reaction. At a beam energy of $1.76A\mathrm{GeV}$ the reaction $\mathrm{Ar}+\mathrm{KCl}$ was studied with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer at SIS18/GSI. A high-statistics and high-purity $\Lambda$ sample was collected, allowing for the investigation of the decay channel ${\Xi }^{-}\to \Lambda {\pi }^{-}$. The deduced ${\Xi }^{-}/(\Lambda +{\Sigma }^0)$ production ratio of $(5.6\pm {1.2}_{-1.7}^{+1.8})\times {10}^{-3}$ is significantly larger than available model predictions.

Nuclear matter is considered to be inhomogeneous at subnuclear densities that are realized in supernova cores and neutron star crusts, and the structures of nuclear matter change from spheres to cylinders, slabs, cylindrical holes, and spherical holes as the density increases. In this Letter, we discuss other possible structures, that is, gyroid and double-diamond morphologies, which are periodic bicontinuous structures discovered in a block copolymer. Utilizing the compressible liquid drop model, we show that there is a chance of gyroid appearance near the transition point from a cylinder to a slab and the volume fraction at this point is also similar for nuclear and polymer systems. Although the five shapes listed initially have been long thought to be the only major constituents of so-called nuclear pasta at subnuclear densities, our findings imply that this belief needs to be reconsidered.

The ground-state-to-ground-state $Q_{{\beta }^{-}}$ value of ${}^{115}\mathrm{In}$ was determined to 497.68(17) keV using a high-precision Penning trap facility at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. From this, a $Q_{{\beta }^{-}}$ value of 0.35(17) keV was obtained for the rare ${\beta }^{-}$ decay to the first excited state of ${}^{115}\mathrm{Sn}$ at 497.334(22) keV. The partial half-life was determined to $4.1(6)\times {10}^{20}\mathrm{yr}$ using ultra low-background gamma-ray spectrometry in an underground laboratory. Theoretical modeling of this 2nd-forbidden unique ${\beta }^{-}$ transition was also undertaken and resulted in $Q_{{\beta }^{-}}={57}_{-12}^{+19}\mathrm{eV}$ using the measured half-life. The discrepancy between theory and experiment could be attributed to atomic effects enhanced by the low $Q$ value. The present study implies that this transition has the lowest $Q$ value of any known nuclear $\beta$ decay.

Using precision, cryogenic, Penning-trap mass spectrometry we have measured the atomic mass difference $M[{}^{115}\mathrm{In}]–M[{}^{115}\mathrm{Sn}]$ to be $497.489(10)\mathrm{keV}/c^2$. Combined with the energy of the $3/2^{+}$ first excited state of ${}^{115}\mathrm{Sn}$ [J. Blachot, Nuclear Data Sheets 104, 967 (2005)], the $Q$ value of the ${}^{115}\mathrm{In}(9/2^{+})\to {}^{115}\mathrm{Sn}(3/2^{+})$ beta decay is determined to be 155(24) eV. This confirms the inference of Cattadori et al. [Nucl. Phys. A 748, 333 (2005)] that this small branching-ratio beta decay has the lowest-known $Q$ value. We also report improved values of the individual atomic masses: $M[{}^{115}\mathrm{In}]=114.903878774(16)\mathrm{u}$ and $M[{}^{115}\mathrm{Sn}]=114.903344697(17)\mathrm{u}$.

The chiral low-energy constants $c_D$ and $c_E$ are constrained by means of accurate ab initio calculations of the $A=3$ binding energies and, for the first time, of the triton $\beta$ decay. We demonstrate that these low-energy observables allow a robust determination of the two undetermined constants, a result of the surprising fact that the determination of $c_D$ depends weakly on the short-range correlations in the wave functions. These two- plus three-nucleon interactions, originating in chiral effective field theory and constrained by properties of the $A=2$ system and the present determination of $c_D$ and $c_E$, are successful in predicting properties of the $A=3$ and 4 systems.

For the first time, in-gas-cell laser spectroscopy study of the ${}^{57,59,63,65}\mathrm{Cu}$ isotopes has been performed using the 244.164 nm optical transition from the atomic ground state of copper. The nuclear magnetic dipole moments for ${}^{57,59,65}\mathrm{Cu}$ relative to that of ${}^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$ have been extracted. The new value for ${}^{57}\mathrm{Cu}$ of $\mu ({}^{57}\mathrm{Cu})=+2.582(7){\mu }_N$ is in strong disagreement with the previous literature value but in good agreement with recent theoretical and systematic predictions.

We report results from a search for strangelets (small chunks of strange quark matter) in lunar soil using the Yale WNSL accelerator as a mass spectrometer. We have searched over a range in mass from $A=42$ to $A=70\mathrm{amu}$ for nuclear charges 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11. No strangelets were found in the experiment. For strangelets with nuclear charge 8, a concentration in lunar soil higher than ${10}^{-16}$ is excluded at the 95% confidence level. The implied limit on the strangelet flux in cosmic rays is the most sensitive to date for the covered range and is relevant to both recent theoretical flux predictions and a strangelet candidate event found by the AMS-01 experiment.