Using the large acceptance Time Projection Chamber of experiment E895 at Brookhaven, measurements of collective sideward flow in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at beam energies of $2A$, $4A$, $6A$, and $8A\mathrm{GeV}$ are presented in the form of in-plane transverse momentum $〈p_x〉$ and the first Fourier coefficient of azimuthal anisotropy $v_1$. These measurements indicate a smooth variation of sideward flow as a function of beam energy. The data are compared with four nuclear transport models which have an orientation towards this energy range. All four exhibit some qualitative trends similar to those found in the data, although none show a consistent pattern of agreement within experimental uncertainties.

We have surveyed the neutron separation energies $\left(S_n\right)$ and the interaction cross sections $\left({\sigma }_I\right)$ for the neutron-rich $p-\mathrm{sd}$ and the $\mathrm{sd}$ shell region. Very recently, both measurements reached up to the neutron drip line, or close to the drip line, for nuclei of $Z\le 8$. A neutron-number dependence of $S_n$ shows clear breaks at $N=16\mathrm{}$ near the neutron drip line $(T_Z\ge 3)$, which shows the creation of a new magic number. A neutron-number dependence of ${\sigma }_I$ shows a large increase of ${\sigma }_I$ for $N=15\mathrm{}$, which supports the new magic number. The origin of the new magic number is also discussed.

The cross section, the deuteron vector $A_y^d$ and tensor analyzing powers $A_{\mathrm{ij}}$, the polarization transfer coefficients $K_{\mathrm{ij}}^{y^{\prime }}$, and the induced polarization $P^{y^{\prime }}$ were measured for the $\mathrm{dp}$ elastic scattering at 270 MeV. The cross section and $A_y^d$ are well reproduced by Faddeev calculations with modern data-equivalent nucleon-nucleon forces plus the Tucson-Melbourne three-nucleon force. In contrast, $A_{\mathrm{ij}}$, $K_{\mathrm{ij}}^{y^{\prime }}$, or $P^{y^{\prime }}$ are not described by such calculations. These facts indicate the deficiencies in the spin dependence of the Tucson-Melbourne force and call for extended three-nucleon force models.

We derive the nuclear dependence coefficient $\alpha \left(q_T\right)$ for Drell-Yan and $J/\psi$ production. We show that at small $q_T$, $\alpha \left(q_T\right)$ is given by a universal functional form: $\alpha \left(q_T\right){=a+bq}_T^2$, and the parameters $a$ and $b$ are completely determined by either perturbatively calculable or independently measurable quantities. This universal functional form $\alpha \left(q_T\right)$ is insensitive to $A$, and is consistent with existing data.

Tensor polarization observables ( $t_{20}$, $t_{21}$, and $t_{22}$) have been measured in elastic electron-deuteron scattering for six values of momentum transfer between 0.66 and $1.7(\mathrm{GeV}/c{)}^2$. The experiment was performed at the Jefferson Laboratory in Hall C using the electron High Momentum Spectrometer, a specially designed deuteron magnetic channel and the recoil deuteron polarimeter POLDER. The new data determine to much larger $Q^2$ the deuteron charge form factors $G_C$ and $G_Q$. They are in good agreement with relativistic calculations and disagree with perturbative QCD predictions.

Reaction products from the interaction of ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ with ${}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ have been measured at energies near the Coulomb barrier. A ${}^4\mathrm{He}$ group of remarkable intensity, which dominates the total reaction cross section, has been observed. The angular distribution of the group suggests that it results primarily from a direct nuclear process. It is likely that this transfer and/or breakup channel is the doorway state that accounts for the previously observed large sub-barrier fusion enhancement in this system.

The masses of 31 neutron-rich nuclei in the range $A=29\mathrm{}–47$ have been measured. The precision of 19 masses has been significantly improved and 12 masses were measured for the first time. The neutron-rich Cl, S, and P isotopes are seen to exhibit a change in shell structure around $N=28\mathrm{}$. Comparison with shell model and relativistic mean field calculations demonstrate that the observed effects arise from deformed prolate ground state configurations associated with shape coexistence. Evidence for shape coexistence is provided by the observation of an isomer in ${}^{43}\mathrm{S}$.

A light-element radioactive ion-beam capability has been developed at the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron. The system is based on the coupled-cyclotrons method and utilizes short-lived species, e.g., ${}^{11}\mathrm{C}$, ${}^{14}\mathrm{O}$, ${}^{13}\mathrm{N}$ produced by $(p,n)$ and $(p,\alpha )$ reactions at the LBNL Biomedical Isotope Facility Cyclotron. In a first experiment, ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}{(}^{11}\mathrm{C},xn{)}^{208-x}\mathrm{At}$ excitation functions have been measured for energies ranging from the Coulomb barrier up to 110 MeV using a beam of ${}^{11}\mathrm{C}$ with intensities up to $(1–2)\times {10}^8\mathrm{ions}/\sec$ on target. The results of this experiment are compared to measurements of ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}{(}^{12}\mathrm{C},xn{)}^{209-x}\mathrm{At}$ excitation functions.

The coupled-channel Schrödinger equation with outgoing wave boundary conditions is employed to study the fine structure seen in the proton decay of deformed even- $N$, odd- $Z$ rare earth nuclei ${}^{131}\mathrm{Eu}$ and ${}^{141}\mathrm{Ho}$. Experimental lifetimes and proton-decay branching ratios are reproduced. Variations with the standard adiabatic theory are discussed.

We study the structure of eigenstates in two-body interaction random matrix ensembles and find significant deviations from random matrix theory expectations. The deviations are most prominent in the tails of the spectral density and indicate localization of the eigenstates in Fock space. Using ideas related to scar theory we derive an analytical formula that relates fluctuations in wave function intensities to fluctuations of the two-body interaction matrix elements. Numerical results for many-body fermion systems agree well with the theoretical predictions.

Kinetic energies of light fragments ( $A\le 10$) from the decay of target spectators in ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}{+}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at 1000 MeV per nucleon have been measured with high-resolution telescopes at backward angles. Except for protons and apart from the observed evaporation components, the kinetic-energy spectra exhibit slope temperatures of about 17 MeV, independent of the particle species, but not corresponding to the thermal or chemical degrees of freedom at breakup. It is suggested that these slope temperatures may reflect the intrinsic Fermi motion and thus the bulk density of the spectator system at the instant of becoming unstable.

Weak SU(3) symmetry is successfully applied to the weak hadronic decay amplitudes of octet hyperons. Weak nonmesonic and mesonic decays of various dibaryons with strangeness, their dominant decay modes, and lifetimes are calculated. Production estimates for the Brookhaven Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider are presented employing wave-function coalescence. Signals for detecting strange dibaryon states in heavy-ion collisions and revealing information about the unknown hyperon-hyperon interactions are outlined.

In very-high-energy nuclear collisions, the initial energy of produced gluons per unit area per unit rapidity, $\left(\mathrm{dE}/L^2\right)/d\eta$, is equal to $f\left(g^2\mu L\right)(g^2\mu {)}^3/g^2$, where ${\mu }^2$ is proportional to the gluon density per unit area of the colliding nuclei. For an SU(2) gauge theory, a nonperturbative computation of $f\left(g^2\mu L\right)$ shows that it varies rapidly for small $g^2\mu L$ but varies only by $\sim 25\%$, from $0.208\pm 0.004$ to $0.257\pm 0.005$, for a wide range $35.36$– $296.98$ in $g^2\mu L$. This includes the range relevant for collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Extrapolating to SU(3), we estimate $dE/d\eta$ for Au-Au collisions in the central region at RHIC and LHC.

A simple formula for the ratio of the number of odd- and even-parity states as a function of temperature is derived. This formula is used to calculate the ratio of level densities of opposite parities as a function of excitation energy. We test the formula with quantum Monte Carlo shell model calculations in the $\left({pf+g}_{9/2}\right)$ shell. The formula describes well the transition from low excitation energies where a single parity dominates to high excitations where the two densities are equal.

The coupling of vibrations to nucleons moving in levels lying close to the Fermi energy of deformed rotating nuclei is found to lead to a number of effects: (i) shifts of the single-particle levels of the order of 0.5 MeV towards the Fermi energy and thus to an increase of the level density, (ii) single-particle state depopulation of the order of 30%, and thus spectroscopic factors $\sim 0.7$, etc. These effects, which we have calculated for ${}^{168}\mathrm{Yb}$, can be expressed in terms of an effective mass, the so-called $\omega$ mass ( $m_{\omega }$), which is $\approx 40\%$ larger than the bare nucleon mass in the ground state. It is found that $m_{\omega }$ displays a strong dependence with rotational frequency, eventually approaching the bare mass for $ħ{\omega }_{\mathrm{rot}}\approx 0.5–0.6\mathrm{MeV}$.

We have measured the asymmetric emission of protons from the nonmesonic decay of polarized ${}_{\Lambda }^5\mathrm{He}$ produced by the $\left({\pi }^{+}{,K}^{+}\right)$ reaction. ${}_{\Lambda }^5\mathrm{He}$ is an $s$-shell hypernucleus and its polarization is due to the $\Lambda$. One expects to obtain direct information on the elementary weak $\overrightarrow{\Lambda }p\to \mathrm{np}$ process. The asymmetry parameter has been determined to be $0.24\pm 0.22$. The implication of the result is discussed.

The ground state of the proton-rich, unbound nucleus ${}^{11}\mathrm{N}$ was observed, together with six excited states using the multinucleon transfer reaction ${}^{10}\mathrm{B}{(}^{14}\mathrm{N}{,}^{13}\mathrm{B}{)}^{11}\mathrm{N}$ at $30A$ MeV incident energy at Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds. Levels of ${}^{11}\mathrm{N}$ are observed as well defined resonances in the spectrum of the ${}^{13}\mathrm{B}$ ejectiles. They are localized at 1.63(5), 2.16(5), 3.06(8), 3.61(5), 4.33(5), 5.98(10), and 6.54(10) MeV above the ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}+p$ threshold. The ground-state resonance has a mass excess of 24.618(50) MeV; the experimental width is smaller than theoretical predictions.

The three-phonon structure of ${}^{110}\mathrm{Cd}$ has been studied with the $\left({n,n}^{\prime }\gamma \right)$ reaction. The measurements consisted of $\gamma$-ray excitation functions and angular distributions, and lifetimes of proposed three-phonon quadrupole states in ${}^{110}\mathrm{Cd}$ have been measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method. Moreover, decay of the three-phonon $2^{+}$ state in ${}^{110}\mathrm{Cd}$ at 2356 keV to a two-phonon state is observed for the first time. The experimental results allow the determination of transition rates of decays from the three-phonon excitations, and the collectivity of these states is established. The experimental $B\left(E2\mathrm{}\right)$ values are compared to different theoretical descriptions.

A $\gamma$-ray spectroscopic measurement of the $N=Z$ nucleus ${}^{68}\mathrm{Se}$ has been made following the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}{(}^{58}\mathrm{Ni},2n)$ reaction at 185 and 220 MeV using Gammasphere and the Argonne Fragment Mass Analyzer. Despite a very low production cross section of $200\left(50\right)\mu \mathrm{b}$, two distinct rotational bands were found; the ground state band consistent with oblate collective rotation, and an excited band consistent with prolate rotation. These observations support long-standing predictions that nuclear ground states with substantial oblate $({\beta }_2\sim -0.3\mathrm{})$ deformation should exist in this region.

Using the Poisson bracket method, we construct the hydrodynamics of nuclear matter in the chiral limit, which describes the dynamics of all low-energy degrees of freedom, including the fluid-dynamical and pionic ones. The hydrodynamic equations contain, beside five Euler equations of relativistic fluid dynamics, $N_{\mathrm{f}}^2-1\mathrm{}$ second order equations describing propagating pions and $N_{\mathrm{f}}^2-1\mathrm{}$ first order equations describing the advection of the vector isospin charges. We present hydrodynamic arguments showing that the pion velocity vanishes at the second order phase transition at $N_{\mathrm{f}}=2\mathrm{}$.