The relativistic kinetic equations for two domains separated by a hypersurface with both spacelike and timelike parts are derived. The particle exchange between the domains separated by timelike boundaries generates source terms and modifies the collision term of the kinetic equation. The correct hydrodynamic equations for the “$\mathrm{h}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}+\mathrm{\text{cascade}}$” models are obtained and their differences from existing freeze-out models of the hadronic matter are discussed.

High-energy, cw electron beams at new accelerator facilities allow electromagnetic production and precision study of hypernuclear structure, and we report here on the first experiment demonstrating the potential of the $(e,e^{\prime }{K}^{+})$ reaction for hypernuclear spectroscopy. This experiment is also the first to take advantage of the enhanced virtual photon flux available when electrons are scattered at approximately zero degrees. The observed energy resolution was found to be $\approx 900\mathrm{k}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ for the ${\mathrm{}}_{\Lambda }^{12}\mathrm{B}$ spectrum, and is substantially better than any previous hypernuclear experiment using magnetic spectrometers. The positions of the major excitations are found to be in agreement with a theoretical prediction and with a previous binding energy measurement, but additional structure is also observed in the core excited region, underlining the future promise of this technique.

An exclusive measurement of the Coulomb breakup of ${}^8\mathrm{B}$ into ${}^7\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}+p$ at $254A\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ allowed the study of the angular correlations of the breakup particles. These correlations demonstrate clearly that $E1$ multipolarity dominates and that $E2$ multipolarity can be neglected. By using a simple single-particle model for ${}^8\mathrm{B}$ and treating the breakup in first-order perturbation theory, we extract a zero-energy $S$ factor of $S_{17}(0)=18.6\pm 1.2\pm 1.0\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{b}$, where the first error is experimental and the second one reflects the theoretical uncertainty in the extrapolation.

We show that, within the framework of a simple local nuclear energy density functional (EDF), one can describe accurately the one- and two-nucleon separation energies of semimagic nuclei. While for the normal part of the EDF we use previously suggested parametrizations, for the superfluid part of the EDF we use the simplest possible local form compatible with known nuclear symmetries.

Precise momentum distributions of identified projectile fragments, formed in the reactions ${}^{238}\mathrm{U}+\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}$ and ${}^{238}\mathrm{U}+\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}$ at $1A\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$, are measured with a high-resolution magnetic spectrometer. With increasing mass loss, the velocities first decrease as expected from previously established systematics, then level off, and finally increase again. Light fragments are on the average even faster than the projectiles. This finding is interpreted as the response of the spectators to the participant blast. The reacceleration of projectile spectators is sensitive to the nuclear mean field and provides a new tool for investigating the equation of state of nuclear matter.

From the preliminary data of PHENIX on the centrality dependence of the ${\pi }^0$ spectrum in $p_T$ at midrapidity in heavy-ion collisions, we show that a scaling behavior exists that is independent of the centrality. It is then shown that $⟨p_T⟩$ degrades with increasing $N_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}$ exponentially with a decay constant that can be quantified. A scaling distribution in terms of an intuitive scaling variable is derived that is analogous to the Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling. No theoretical models are used in any part of this phenomenological analysis.

At a critical point of a second-order phase transition the intrinsic energy surface is flat and there is no stable minimum value of the deformation. However, for a finite system, we show that there is an effective deformation which can describe the dynamics at the critical point. This effective deformation is determined by minimizing the energy surface after projection onto the appropriate symmetries. We derive analytic expressions for energies and quadrupole rates which provide good estimates for these observables at the critical point.

Coalescence of minijet partons with partons from the quark-gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions is suggested as the mechanism for production of hadrons with intermediate transverse momentum. The resulting enhanced antiproton and pion yields at intermediate transverse momenta give a plausible explanation for the observed large antiproton to pion ratio. With further increasing momentum, the ratio is predicted to decrease and approach the small value given by independent fragmentations of minijet partons after their energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma.

We argue that the emission of hadrons with transverse momentum up to about $5\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c$ in central relativistic heavy ion collisions is dominated by recombination, rather than fragmentation of partons. This mechanism provides a natural explanation for the observed constant baryon-to-meson ratio of about one and the apparent lack of a nuclear suppression of the baryon yield in this momentum range. Fragmentation becomes dominant at higher transverse momentum, but the transition point is delayed by the energy loss of fast partons in dense matter.

Spin polarization of ${}^{37}\mathrm{K}$ nuclei produced via single proton pickup from a ${}^9\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}$ target by a beam of $150\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{n}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ ${}^{36}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{r}$ has been observed. Positive spin polarization with magnitude $(8.5\pm 0.6)\%$ was deduced near the peak of the ${}^{37}\mathrm{K}$ momentum distribution. The variation of the spin polarization as a function of outgoing ${}^{37}\mathrm{K}$ momentum is explained by a classical conservation model, as previously applied to describe the induced spin polarization observed for fragments produced in intermediate-energy heavy-ion reactions, with the condition that the picked-up proton has an average momentum equal to the Fermi momentum and is aligned along the incident beam direction.

The transverse polarization of electrons emitted in the $\beta$ decay of polarized ${}^8\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ nuclei has been measured. For the time-reversal violating triple correlation parameter we find $R=(0.9\pm 2.2)\times {10}^{-3}$. This result is in agreement with the standard model and yields improved constraints on exotic tensor contributions to the weak interaction. Combined with other experimental results and using a model for the coupling constants, a new limit for the mass of a possible scalar leptoquark, $m_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{Q}}>560\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c^2$ (90% C.L.), is obtained.

The excitation and subsequent proton decay of the isovector spin-flip giant monopole resonance (IVSGMR) is studied via the ${}^{208}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}({}^3\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e},t)$ reaction at 410 MeV. In the inclusive spectrum $(60\pm 5)\%$ of the non-energy-weighted sum-rule strength for this $2\hslash \omega$ resonance was found in the region $29<E_x({}^{208}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{i})<51\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. The central excitation energy and width of the IVSGMR are $37\pm 1\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ and $14\pm 3\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$, respectively. It is found that the branching ratio for proton decay is $(52\pm 12)\%$ and that the deep neutron-hole states in ${}^{207}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}$ are strongly fed.

The production of $\alpha$ particles in the ${}^6\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}+{}^{28}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}$ reaction was studied at near-barrier energies. Angular distributions were performed at four bombarding energies, namely, 7.5, 9, 11, and 13 MeV. The distributions were characterized by a Gaussian shape, which was integrated in order to obtain $\alpha$-particle cross sections. Our results were compared with previous data of ${}^6\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ scattering on various heavier targets and found to exhibit a universal behavior. Present continuum-discretized-coupled-channel calculations support the obtained data. The consequences of the systematic behavior of the $\alpha$-particle production on the unusual behavior of the imaginary potential observed previously in elastic scattering of weakly bound systems is discussed.

We have performed the first high precision measurement of the coherent neutron scattering length of deuterium in a pure sample using neutron interferometry. We find $b_{nd}=(6.665\pm 0.004)\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m}$ in agreement with the world average of previous measurements using different techniques, $b_{nd}=(6.6730\pm 0.0045)\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m}$. We compare the new world average for the $nd$ coherent scattering length $b_{nd}=(6.669\pm 0.003)\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m}$ to calculations of the doublet and quartet scattering lengths from several modern nucleon-nucleon potential models with three-nucleon force (3NF) additions and show that almost all theories are in serious disagreement with experiment. This comparison is a more stringent test of the models than past comparisons with the less precisely determined doublet scattering length of ${}^{2}a_{nd}=(0.65\pm 0.04)\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m}$.

Differential cross sections for Compton scattering from the deuteron were measured at MAX-Lab for incident photon energies of 55 and 66 MeV at nominal laboratory angles of $45°$, $125°$, and $135°$. Tagged photons were scattered from liquid deuterium and detected in three NaI spectrometers. By comparing the data with theoretical calculations in the framework of a one-boson-exchange potential model, the sum and the difference of the isospin-averaged nucleon polarizabilities, ${\alpha }_N+{\beta }_N=17.4\pm 3.7$ and ${\alpha }_N-{\beta }_N=6.4\pm 2.4$ (in units of ${10}^{-4}{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m}}^3$), have been determined. By combining the latter with the global-averaged value for ${\alpha }_p-{\beta }_p$ and using the predictions of the Baldin sum rule for the sum of the nucleon polarizabilities, we have obtained values for the neutron electric and magnetic polarizabilities of ${\alpha }_n=8.8\pm 2.4(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l})\pm 3.0(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l})$ and ${\beta }_n=6.5\mp 2.4(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l})\mp 3.0(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l})$, respectively.

The balance function is a new observable based on the principle that charge is locally conserved when particles are pair produced. Balance functions have been measured for charged particle pairs and identified charged pion pairs in $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}+\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=130\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using STAR. Balance functions for peripheral collisions have widths consistent with model predictions based on a superposition of nucleon-nucleon scattering. Widths in central collisions are smaller, consistent with trends predicted by models incorporating late hadronization.

The ${}^{21}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}(p,\gamma ){}^{22}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}$ reaction is expected to play an important role in the nucleosynthesis of ${}^{22}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}$ in oxygen-neon novae. The decay of ${}^{22}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}$ leads to the emission of a characteristic 1.275 MeV gamma-ray line. This report provides the first direct measurement of the rate of this reaction using a radioactive ${}^{21}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}$ beam, and discusses its astrophysical implications. The energy of the important state was measured to be $E_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{.}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{.}}=205.7\pm 0.5\mathrm{k}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ with a resonance strength $\omega \gamma =1.03\pm {0.16}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}}\pm {0.14}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$.

Using an isospin-dependent transport model, we study the effects of nuclear symmetry energy on two-nucleon correlation functions in heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei. We find that the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy affects significantly the nucleon emission times in these collisions, leading to larger values of two-nucleon correlation functions for a symmetry energy that has a stronger density dependence. Two-nucleon correlation functions are thus useful tools for extracting information about the nuclear symmetry energy from heavy-ion collisions.

We present a simple method for discerning the evolution from vibrational to rotational structure in nuclei as a function of spin. The prescription is applied to the yrast cascades in the $A\sim 110$ region and a clear transition from vibrational to rotational motion is found.

A fully self-consistent treatment of short-range correlations in nuclear matter is presented. Different implementations of the determination of the nucleon spectral functions for different interactions are shown to be consistent with each other. The resulting saturation densities are closer to the empirical result when compared with (continuous choice) Brueckner-Hartree-Fock values. Arguments for the dominance of short-range correlations in determining the nuclear matter saturation density are presented. A further survey of the role of long-range correlations suggests that the inclusion of pionic contributions to ring diagrams in nuclear matter leads to higher saturation densities than empirically observed. A possible resolution of the nuclear matter saturation problem is suggested.