We present a framework to quantitatively describe energy exchange in high-speed turbulent flows, also including the hypersonic regime. Governing equations are introduced which control the transport of the mean-field kinetic energy ($k_m$), the turbulence kinetic energy ($k_t$), the mean-field internal energy ($e_m$), and the turbulence internal energy ($e_t$). The common terms in the transport equations are found to represent energy exchanges and interactions among $k_m, k_t, e_m$, and $e_t$. The routes of energy exchange are then highlighted and quantified in hypersonic boundary-layer flow, with special attention paid to the effects of wall cooling.

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• Compressible boundary layers
• High-speed flow
• Structure & turbulence of boundary layers