Generalized Forcing Method: Generation of diverse data for training linear transport PDE closure models
Phys. Rev. Fluids 11, 114901 – Published 3 November, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/52jk-xb5y
Abstract
Data-driven closure modeling for transport partial differential equations requires training data that are accurate, affordable, diverse, and directly tailored to the target closure fields. We develop the Generalized Forcing Method (GFM), a data-generation framework for training linear transport closure models. GFM generates such data by running simulations with a zero initial condition and an extra body force that is constructed compatibly with the reduced dynamics. This framework leads to implicit GFM, which prescribes resolved trajectories, and explicit GFM (eGFM), which constructs a basis of admissible forcings. We apply eGFM to linear transport closure problems involving parallel and spatially inhomogeneous flows, flows with random coefficients, and passive-scalar transport in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The results show that eGFM can identify accurate and stable reduced models when the reduced variables and model form are consistent with the underlying closure relation.
