• Accepted Paper

Strongly connected percolation on directed lattices

M. E. J. Newman, P. Grassberger, and R. M. Ziff

Phys. Rev. E - Accepted 28 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wf4x-hfmj

Abstract

We study percolation on lattices with directed bonds, focusing on the behavior of strongly-connected percolation clusters – clusters in which every site is reachable from every other along a directed path. We consider the two-dimensional square lattice and various globally isotropic arrangements of the directions of the bonds. Performing simulations using a range of algorithmic approaches, we calculate high-precision values for critical exponents, fractal dimensions, crossing probabilities, and percolation thresholds for bond percolation with each bond arrangement. We find that the critical behavior is in a distinctly different universality class from that of traditional undirected percolation, but that all bond arrangements appear to fall in the same universality class.

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