Open-systems tools for nonthermalizing closed quantum systems
Phys. Rev. E 112, 034113 – Published 4 September, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zt7h-fj8w
Abstract
We design several examples of constrained, symmetric quantum circuit dynamics that generate nonequilibrium steady states. The qubit networks maintain local memory of the initial conditions and display inhomogeneous subsystem dynamics over long times, clearly distinguishable from approximately thermalizing networks of the same size. Each network can be described as an ensemble of open systems, a collection of qubits evolving with phase-covariant dynamics. Constraints from the conservation law and global unitary dynamics of the entire network bound the distribution of single-qubit dynamics in the ensemble, but different steady states are distinguishable by several measures. We quantify the distance of the steady states from the homogeneous steady state and further characterize them using the complexity of their mutual information networks, the volume of state space explored, a thermodynamic utility measure using extractable work, and correlated structure in the occurrence of noncompletely positive qubit propagator maps.
