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    High-efficiency three-stroke quantum isochoric heat engine: From infinite potential wells to magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene

    Hadi Mohammed Soufy* and Colin Benjamin†

    • *Contact author: hm.soufy@niser.ac.in
    • †Contact author: colin.nano@gmail.com

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 014126 – Published 21 January, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/z2c4-bdcn

    Abstract

    We introduce a three-stroke quantum isochoric cycle that functions as a heat engine operating between two thermal reservoirs. Implemented for a particle confined in a one-dimensional infinite potential well, the cycle's performance is benchmarked against the classical three-stroke triangular and isochoric engines. We find that the quantum isochoric cycle achieves a higher efficiency than both classical counterparts and also surpasses the efficiency of the recently proposed three-stroke quantum isoenergetic cycle. Owing to its reduced number of strokes, the design substantially lowers control complexity in nanoscale thermodynamic devices, offering a more feasible route to experimental realization compared to conventional four-stroke architectures. We further evaluate the cycle in graphene-based systems under an external magnetic field, including monolayer graphene, AB-stacked bilayer graphene, and twisted bilayer graphene at both magic and nonmagic twist angles. Among these platforms, magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene attains the highest efficiency at fixed work output, highlighting its promise for quantum thermodynamic applications.

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