Time delay in the one-dimensional swarmalator model
Phys. Rev. E 113, 054219 – Published 27 May, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yrxm-ryxb
Abstract
We study the one-dimensional (1D) swarmalator model with time-delayed interactions. Delay preserves the familiar static states—sync, async, and phase wave—but generates two new families of nonstatic states. One bifurcates from the phase wave at ; the other bifurcates from the async state at and includes a limit cycle, an irregular unsteady regime, and a partially synchronized state. We derive both bifurcation boundaries analytically. A surprising result is that the stability of the sync state is independent of ; it depends only on the coupling strength.