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    Time delay in the one-dimensional swarmalator model

    K. P. O'Keeffe1,*, Rommel Tchinda Djeudjo2,†, and Jason Hindes3,‡

    • 1Starling Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA
    • 2University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
    • 3U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA

    • *Contact author: kevin.p.okeeffe@gmail.com
    • †Contact author: rommel.tchindadjeudjo@unamur.be
    • ‡Contact author: jason.m.hindes.civ@us.navy.mil

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 054219 – Published 27 May, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yrxm-ryxb

    Abstract

    We study the one-dimensional (1D) swarmalator model with time-delayed interactions. Delay preserves the familiar static states—sync, async, and phase wave—but generates two new families of nonstatic states. One bifurcates from the phase wave at τ=τc(J,K); the other bifurcates from the async state at Kc=−π/τ and includes a limit cycle, an irregular unsteady regime, and a partially synchronized state. We derive both bifurcation boundaries analytically. A surprising result is that the stability of the sync state is independent of τ; it depends only on the coupling strength.

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