Matrix approach to generalized ensemble theory for nonequilibrium discrete systems
Phys. Rev. E 112, 064107 – Published 2 December, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xkkn-cw77
Abstract
A universal and rigorous ensemble framework for nonequilibrium systems remains lacking. Here, we provide a concise framework for the generalized ensemble theory of nonequilibrium discrete systems using a matrix-based approach. By introducing an observation matrix, we show that any discrete probability distribution can be formulated as a generalized Boltzmann distribution, with observables and their conjugate variables serving as basis vectors and coordinates in a vector space. Within this framework, we identify the minimal sufficient statistics required to infer the Boltzmann distribution. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic relations and fluctuation-dissipation relations naturally emerge from this framework. Our findings provide a new approach to developing generalized ensemble theory for nonequilibrium discrete systems.
