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    Reaching maximum efficiency in quantum Stirling engines using multilayer graphene

    Bastian Castorene1,2,*, Francisco J. Peña2, Eric Suárez Morell2, Caio Lewenkopf3, Martin HvE Groves1,2, Natalia Cortés2, and Patricio Vargas2

    • *Contact author: bastian.castorene.c@mail.pucv.cl

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 044126 – Published 17 April, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/s59t-ygkq

    Abstract

    In this work, quantum Stirling engines based on monolayer, AB-stacked bilayer, and ABC-stacked trilayer graphene under perpendicular magnetic fields are analyzed. Performance maps of the useful work (ηW) reveal a robust optimum at low magnetic fields and moderately low temperatures, with all stackings capable of reaching Carnot efficiency under suitable configurations. The AB bilayer achieves this across the broadest parameter window while sustaining finite work, the monolayer exhibits highly constrained regimes, and the trilayer shows smoother trends with sizable ηW. These results identify multilayer graphene, particularly the AB bilayer, as a promising platform for efficient Stirling engines, while also highlighting the versatility of the monolayer in realizing all four operational regimes of the Stirling cycle.

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