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  • Letter

Evolving fractal dimensions in iterative bicolored percolation

Shuo Wei1,*, Haoyu Liu2,*, Xin Sun3,†, Youjin Deng1,4,5,‡, and Ming Li6,§

  • *These two authors contributed equally to this paper.
  • †Contact author: xinsun@bicmr.pku.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: yjdeng@ustc.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: lim@hfut.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. E 113, L032102 – Published 23 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/s2ql-zxz6

Abstract

Criticality is traditionally regarded as an unstable, fine-tuned fixed point of the renormalization group. We introduce an iterative bicolored percolation process in two dimensions and show that it can both preserve criticality and transform fractal dimensions. Starting from critical configurations, such as the O(n) loop and fuzzy Potts models, successive coarse graining generates a hierarchy of distinct yet critical generations. Using the conformal loop ensemble, we derive exact, generation-dependent fractal dimensions, which are quantitatively confirmed by large-scale Monte Carlo simulations. The evolutionary trajectory depends not only on the universality class of the initial state but also on whether it possesses a two-state critical structure, leading to different critical exponents starting from site and bond percolation. These results establish a general geometric mechanism for evolving fractal dimensions, in which scale invariance persists across generations.

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