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    Swap Monte Carlo algorithm for diatomic molecules

    Till Böhmer*

    Jeppe C. Dyre† and Lorenzo Costigliola‡

    • Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark and Institute of Frontier Materials on Earth and in Space, German Aerospace Center, D-51147 Cologne, Germany

    • Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

    • *Contact author: till.boehmer@dlr.de
    • †Contact author: dyre@ruc.dk
    • ‡Contact author: lorenzo.costigliola@gmail.com

    Phys. Rev. E 112, 035402 – Published 2 September, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r23b-94kj

    Abstract

    In recent years the swap Monte Carlo algorithm has led to remarkable progress in equilibrating supercooled model liquids at low temperatures. Applications have so far been limited to systems composed of spherical particles, however, whereas most real-world supercooled liquids are molecular. We introduce here a simple size-polydisperse molecular model that allows for efficient thermal equilibration in silico with the swap Monte Carlo method, resulting in an estimated speedup of 103–106 at moderate polydispersity (5%–10%). The model exhibits little difference between size-resolved orientational time-autocorrelation functions.

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