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    Inefficiency of the block approximation in diploid probabilistic cellular automata

    Emilio N. M. Cirillo1,*, Joram L. Vliem2,3,†, Dirk Schuricht3,‡, and Cristian Spitoni2,§

    • 1Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, via A. Scarpa 16, I–00161 Roma, Italy
    • 2Institute of Mathematics, University of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
    • 3Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands

    • *Contact author: emilio.cirillo@uniroma1.it
    • †Contact author: j.l.vliem@students.uu.nl
    • ‡Contact author: d.schuricht@uu.nl
    • §Contact author: c.spitoni@uu.nl

    Phys. Rev. E 114, 014154 – Published 31 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qksd-scrd

    Abstract

    We study a probabilistic cellular automaton obtained as a mixture of the additive elementary rules 60 and 102. We prove that for any finite periodic lattice and for mixing parameter λ=1/2, the system almost surely reaches the absorbing all-zero configuration in finitely many steps. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations indicate as well the presence of a zero-density stationary state in a finite interval around λ=1/2. Despite this absorbing behavior, both mean-field and block-approximation schemes predict a stationary state with nonzero density. This failure highlights a fundamental limitation of finite-block approximation in capturing the global dynamics of probabilistic cellular automata.

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