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Vanishing dynamic strength measured in a transient high-pressure phase of tin

Michael B. Prime1,*, Justin L. Brown2, Saryu J. Fensin1, David R. Jones1, and Joshua W. Dyer1

  • *Contact author: prime@lanl.gov
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Phys. Rev. E 113, 065502 – Published 3 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q5kp-5yj1

Abstract

This work reports two independent experimental estimations of the dynamic strength of the body-centered tetragonal (bct) γ phase of tin, which occurs at pressures above about 9 GPa and transforms promptly back to the ambient β phase upon pressure release. Measuring strength in such a transient high-pressure phase is challenging. One measurement used free-surface Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities generated with gas gun impact. Another set of measurements used ramp-release loading in a pulsed-power facility. Strength estimations came from comparison to simulations using a comprehensive multiphase modeling framework that includes equation of state, shear moduli, and strength separately for each phase, and treats mixed-phase regions. Both experimental methods found the γ-phase strength to be very low, within experimental uncertainty of zero. The existing literature on other materials, by contrast, almost universally reports higher strength in transient high-pressure phases compared with ambient phases. Recent Molecular-Dynamics simulations on tin in the literature showed almost zero deviatoric strength during a deformation-induced bct → bct transformation in which one of the γ-phase a axes “flips” to the c axis. This reorientation currently provides the most plausible explanation for the low observed strength in γ-phase tin.

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Phys. Rev. E 113, 065502– Published 3 June, 2026
  • Received 23 January 2026
  • Accepted 30 April 2026
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