Classical three-dimensional Heisenberg model with competing dynamics
Phys. Rev. E 112, 044119 – Published 14 October, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n6z3-1m6g
Abstract
By employing Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the isotropic Heisenberg system model on a simple cubic lattice with short-range interactions, allowing the system to evolve toward a steady state under the influence of competition between Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics. With probability , the system is in contact with a thermal reservoir at temperature and evolves toward the lower energy state through Glauber dynamics. However, with probability , the system is subjected to an external energy flux that drives it toward the higher energy state through Kawasaki dynamics. By analyzing the phase diagram of versus , our findings show: (i) second-order phase transitions at high and intermediate values and first-order phase transitions below the tricritical point at , and (ii) the phenomenon of unstable self-organization in the system in which the antiferromagnetic phase is only found at with an initial antiferromagnetic state; however, as increases at low temperatures, the system evolves to the ordered ferromagnetic phase.