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    Classical three-dimensional Heisenberg model with competing dynamics

    R. A. Dumer1,*, D. R. da Costa2,†, and M. Godoy1,2,‡

    • *Contact author: rafaeldumer@fisica.ufmt.br
    • †Contact author: diego_rabelo@fisica.ufc.br
    • ‡Contact author: mgodoy@fisica.ufmt.br

    Phys. Rev. E 112, 044119 – Published 14 October, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n6z3-1m6g

    Abstract

    By employing Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the isotropic Heisenberg system model on a simple cubic lattice with short-range interactions, allowing the system to evolve toward a steady state under the influence of competition between Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics. With probability q, the system is in contact with a thermal reservoir at temperature T and evolves toward the lower energy state through Glauber dynamics. However, with probability 1−q, the system is subjected to an external energy flux that drives it toward the higher energy state through Kawasaki dynamics. By analyzing the phase diagram of T versus q, our findings show: (i) second-order phase transitions at high q and intermediate T values and first-order phase transitions below the tricritical point at (qt,Tt)=(0.615±0.004,0.905±0.001), and (ii) the phenomenon of unstable self-organization in the system in which the antiferromagnetic phase is only found at q=0 with an initial antiferromagnetic state; however, as q increases at low temperatures, the system evolves to the ordered ferromagnetic phase.

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