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    Phase-space networks and connectivity of the kagome antiferromagnet

    Brandon B. Le, Seung-Hun Lee, and Gia-Wei Chern

    Phys. Rev. E 114, 024101 – Published 3 August, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kjkm-46qg

    Abstract

    We study the coplanar ground-state manifold of the kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet using a phase-space network representation, in which nodes correspond to coplanar ground states and edges represent transitions generated by weathervane loop rotations. In the coplanar manifold, each configuration can be mapped to a three-coloring problem on the dual honeycomb lattice, where a weathervane mode corresponds to a closed loop of two alternating colors. By comparing networks that include all weathervane loops with networks restricted to elementary six-spin loops, we examine how energetic constraints shape phase-space structure. We find that connectivity distributions are sharply peaked in large systems, while restrictions to short loops reduce typical connectivity. Spectral properties further distinguish the two cases, with short-loop networks exhibiting Gaussian spectra and full networks displaying non-Gaussian features associated with correlated loop updates. Finally, a box-counting analysis reveals distinct finite-size geometric trends: short-loop networks show algebraic, fractal-like behavior, whereas full networks are more compact in graph distance due to longer-loop shortcuts. These results show that the hierarchy of weathervane loop rotations provides a direct link between microscopic constraints and emergent phase-space geometry in a frustrated magnet.

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