Bulges in the plasma membrane of cells known as blebs can form spontaneously in a wide range of biological processes, but what controls their shape and stability remains incompletely understood. To address this we introduce a dual phase-field model with coupled order parameters representing the cell cortex and plasma membrane that can quantitatively model blebbing in three dimensions. Simulations and sharp-interface analyses reveal that, depending on whether blebbing occurs by detachment of the plasma membrane or rupture of the actin cortex, blebs can form discontinuously through a saddle-node bifurcation or continuously with increasing cortical tension. The model predictions are in good quantitative agreement with existing experimental data for laser-induced cortex rupture.

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• Cell mechanics
• Processes in cells, tissues & organoids
• Cells
• Phase-field modeling