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Percolation in the two-dimensional Ising model

Tao Chen1,2,*, Jinhong Zhu1,*, Wei Zhong3,†, Sheng Fang4,‡, and Youjin Deng1,2,§

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: zhongwei2284@hotmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: shengfang9503@bnu.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: yjdeng@ustc.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. E 112, 034118 – Published 10 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fqwr-ckj9

Abstract

The study of the Ising model from a percolation perspective has played a significant role in the modern theory of critical phenomena. We consider the celebrated square-lattice Ising model and construct percolation clusters by placing bonds, with probability p, between any pair of parallel spins within an extended range beyond nearest neighbors. At the Ising criticality, we observe two percolation transitions as p increases: starting from a disordered phase with only small clusters, the percolation system enters into a stable critical phase that persists over a wide range pc1<p<pc2, and then develops a long-ranged percolation order with giant clusters for both up and down spins. At pc1 and for the stable critical phase, the critical behaviors agree well with those for the Fortuin-Kasteleyn random clusters and the spin domains of the Ising model, respectively. At pc2, the fractal dimension of clusters and the scaling exponent along p direction are estimated as yh2=1.9580(6) and yp2=0.552(9), of which the exact values remain unknown. These findings reveal interesting geometric properties of the two-dimensional Ising model that has been studied for more than 100 years.

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