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    Confinement reveals hidden splay-bend order in twist-bend nematics

    Szymon Drzazga1,*, Piotr Kubala1,†, and Lech Longa1,2,‡

    • 1Institute of Theoretical Physics and Mark Kac Center for Complex Systems Research, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
    • 2International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM²), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan

    • *Contact author: szymon.drzazga@doctoral.uj.edu.pl
    • †Contact author: piotr.kubala@doctoral.uj.edu.pl
    • ‡Contact author: lech.longa@uj.edu.pl

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 025408 – Published 5 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bllb-xmfh

    Abstract

    Using extensive Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate how spatial confinement reorganizes thin films of the twist-bend nematic (NTB). Confinement markedly amplifies otherwise elusive splay-bend order by frustrating the three-dimensional heliconical texture of bulk NTB. We find that a homochiral NTB layer evolves into nonchiral splay-bend order via an interfacial smectic splay-bend-twist (SSBT) band with periodically alternating handedness. Generally, for planar anchoring between parallel walls, with the helical wave vector parallel to the plates, globally polar smectic splay-bend (SSB) layers form near the surfaces. Moving inward, the interfacial stack relaxes to bulk NTB either directly through this SSBT band or through a sequence that includes both the SSBT and the nematic splay-bend-twist (NSBT) phases. The NSBT band is most pronounced at large molecular bend angles, i.e., near the NTB−SA boundary of the bulk phase diagram. Mode-resolved maps of elementary director distortions (splay, twist, bend, saddle-splay) corroborate this confinement-driven hierarchy. These results suggest thin-film routes to stabilize and diagnose modulated polar nematic and smectic organizations that are difficult to access in bulk.

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