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Shock-compression-based equation of state for perfluorohexane

Anunay Prasanna1,*, Guillaume T. Bokman1, Samuele Fiorini1, Armand Sieber1, Bratislav Lukić2, Daniel Foster2,†, and Outi Supponen1

  • *Contact author: aanunay@ethz.ch
  • †Present address: Spectroscopy and Imaging Division, Soft X-ray Spectroscopy and Imaging Team, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) SRIS #209, 468-1, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
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Phys. Rev. E 112, 065101 – Published 1 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/999d-nk9z

Abstract

Perfluorohexane is a biocompatible material that serves as a liquid core for acoustically responsive agents in biomedical applications. Despite its relatively widespread usage, there is a lack of experimental data determining its thermodynamic properties. This challenges numerical simulations to predict the acoustic response of agents developed using this material. In this study, we employ the well-established method of shock compression of materials at relatively high pressures (100–400 MPa) to estimate a kinematic equation of state for perfluorohexane. We use multi-objective optimization to obtain the Noble-Abel stiffened-gas equation of state, which is suitable for hydrodynamic numerical simulations. We then apply the extrapolated equation of state to simulate shock-wave propagation within a perfluorohexane droplet showing excellent agreement with equivalent experiments. This promotes the use of numerical simulations as a valuable tool for understanding the complex acoustic interactions involved in these biomedical agents, ultimately facilitating their translation for clinical purposes.

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Phys. Rev. E 112, 065101– Published 1 December, 2025
  • Received 3 April 2025
  • Accepted 8 October 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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