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    Percolation in the three-dimensional Ising model

    Jinhong Zhu1,2,*, Tao Chen1,2,*, Zhiyi Li1,2,†, Sheng Fang3,‡, and Youjin Deng1,2,§

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: peter0627@mail.ustc.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: shengfang9503@bnu.edu.cn
    • §Contact author: yjdeng@ustc.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. E 114, 044123 – Published 15 October, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/92jk-cj5x

    Abstract

    Geometric representations provide a useful perspective on critical phenomena in the Ising model. In a recent study [Phys. Rev. E 112, 034118 (2025)], we found that the two-dimensional critical Ising model exhibits two consecutive percolation transitions for geometric spin clusters as the bond-occupation probability p between parallel spins increases. Here, through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we show that this phenomenon does not persist in three dimensions, where we observe only a single percolation transition on critical Ising configurations. Further theoretical analysis of the Ising model on the complete graph also yields the same scenario. In addition, we study percolation on a two-dimensional layer embedded in the three-dimensional critical Ising model. For this layer system, we estimate the red-bond exponent yp=0.426(6) and the fractal dimensions of the largest cluster, hull, and shortest path as df=1.8926(20), dhull=1.663(4), and dmin=1.080(10), respectively. These values indicate a distinct universality class induced by coupling to out-of-plane critical correlations.

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