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    Toroidal confinement and beyond: Vorticity-defined morphologies of dipolar Dy164 quantum droplets

    S. Sanjay1,*, S. Saravana Veni1,†, and Boris A. Malomed2,3,‡

    • 1Department of Physics, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, Tamil Nadu, India
    • 2Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
    • 3Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile

    • *Contact author: s_sanjay@cb.students.amrita.edu
    • †Contact author: s_saravanaveni@cb.amrita.edu.in
    • ‡Contact author: malomed@tauex.tau.ac.il

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 034205 – Published 3 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/823v-xhl5

    Abstract

    We investigate the formation, stability, and dynamics of three-dimensional ring-shaped and multipole vortical quantum droplets (QDs) in nonrotating dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates held in a toroidal trapping potential. The QD dynamics are investigated in the framework of the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which includes long-range dipole-dipole interactions (DDIs) and the beyond-mean-field Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) term, revealing the emergence of self-bound states. Stable stationary solutions for multipole QDs with different values of the topological charge (vorticity S) are shaped as necklacelike modes, with the number of “beads” (multipole order) n=2S, up to S=6. The stability area of the multipoles shrinks with the increase of S. For higher values of S the centrifugal effect associated with the phase winding destabilizes the ring-shaped QDs and drives the formation of fragmented multipole droplet states. The dependence of the chemical potential, total energy, and peak density on the norm (number of particles) and S is produced. These findings uncover the stabilizing effect of the LHY correction and DDI anisotropy in maintaining complex QD states in the nonrotating configurations.

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