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    Quantum potential from the material derivative of the osmotic velocity: A two-fluid Madelung framework

    Lachezar S. Simeonov

    • Department of Physics, Sofia University, James Bourchier 5 blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 035106 – Published 25 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/381l-1b25

    Abstract

    We derive the quantum potential directly from the material derivative of the osmotic velocity and formulate a two-fluid model that reproduces the Madelung equations. Interactions between the two fluids are included but remain secondary. The framework is generalized to incorporate electromagnetic fields, yielding a self-consistent description of both the Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon equations. Extension to the relativistic Klein-Gordon case demonstrates the model's flexibility and applicability to spinless relativistic quantum systems. This approach unifies hydrodynamic, kinematic, and electromagnetic perspectives, providing a clear physical interpretation of quantum potentials and forces and offering a versatile platform for modeling complex quantum systems in both nonrelativistic and relativistic regimes.

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