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    Higher-order tensor renormalization group study of the Ising model on tunable fractal lattices

    Xiaoman Chen1 and Z. J. Ding2,*

    • *Contact author: zjding@ustc.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. E 113, 034108 – Published 9 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1zqb-1hsw

    Abstract

    The Ising model on fractal lattices has attracted renewed interest, yet a quantitative understanding of how the critical temperature depends on the Hausdorff dimension (DH) and connectivity (Q) remains limited. We study the ferromagnetic Ising model on the one-parameter “legs-extension” family of fractal lattices originally introduced by Genzor et al. and apply the higher-order tensor renormalization group (HOTRG) method, following the tensor-network construction developed for these geometries in earlier work. By tuning a single structural parameter, we access lattices with DH decreasing from 1.792 to 1.260 and connectivity Q from 0.50 to 0.131, and obtain high-precision critical temperatures Tc and magnetization exponents β with carefully quantified uncertainties from systematic bond-dimension and fitting-window analyses, finding that β is strongly and almost exponentially suppressed as DH is reduced. Along this one-dimensional trajectory in the (DH,Q) plane, Tc decreases monotonically with DH and, when plotted against Q, exhibits a robust near-linear behavior within this lattice family over almost an order of magnitude in connectivity. A finite-temperature phase transition persists throughout the explored range down to our lowest Hausdorff dimension, DH≈1.260, implying that the lower critical dimension of this family, if it exists, lies below this value. Comparison with zero-order and first-order mean-field theory shows that HOTRG systematically incorporates fluctuation effects beyond mean-field approximations. The tabulated Tc and β values thus provide a stringent benchmark for theories of criticality on fractal lattices and a quantitative reference for future numerical and analytical studies on other complex geometries.

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