Claire Marvinney^6,2, Jared R. Newton^5,2, Jacob M. Taylor^7,8, and Christopher Tunnell^9,1

• ¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
• ²Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
• ³OxideMEMS Lab, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
• ⁴Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8153, USA
• ⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
• ⁶Quantum Information Science Section, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
• ⁷Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
• ⁸Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
• ⁹Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA

• ^*Contact author: qinjuehang@rice.edu
• ^†Present address: Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People’s Republic of China.