• Accepted Paper

When CPT violation hides in plain sight: How CP measurements are compromised and how to fix them

Miaochen Jin, Gabriela Barenboim, Carlos A. Argüelles, P. Fernández-Menéndez, and I. Martinez-Soler

Phys. Rev. D - Accepted 6 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/snzw-76xl

Abstract

The extraction of the leptonic charge-parity (CP)-violating phase $\delta_{\rm CP}$ from long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments rests on the assumption of charge-parity-time (CPT) conservation. We show that CPT violation, parametrized as an asymmetry δΔm312≡Δ‾m312−Δm312 between neutrino and antineutrino mass splittings, induces an effective, energy-dependent phase shift $\phi_{\rm eff}(E)$ that is functionally degenerate with $\delta_{\rm CP}$ in the appearance asymmetry ⟨ΔP⟩. This has a profound implication for long-baseline experiments, where the tension between T2K and NOνA CPT-conserving best-fit $\delta_{\rm CP}$ values can be significantly alleviated by a CPT-violating truth; and a CPT-conserving fit can miss the true CP phase entirely for |δΔm312|≳0.3×10−3eV2 for DUNE. We then demonstrate that atmospheric neutrino telescopes provide the natural tool to resolve this degeneracy: using existing data from IceCube-DeepCore (7.74 yr) and KM3NeT/ORCA-6 (433 kt-yr), we derive a world-leading constraint on CPT-violation at |δΔm312|≤0.57×10−3eV2 at 90% CL. With the IceCube Upgrade and full ORCA detector, we can reach a 1σ constraint at 10−4eV2 within a decade, providing the independent CPT constraint needed to ensure that DUNE’s $\delta_{\rm CP}$ measurement is unambiguous.

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