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    Light propagation prescriptions for black hole movies

    Daniel Rojas-Paternina1,* and Alejandro Cárdenas-Avendaño2,†

    • *Contact author: drojasp@unal.edu.co
    • †Contact author: cardenas@wfu.edu

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 023031 – Published 17 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nsg2-hy9p

    Abstract

    The spatiotemporal content of a black hole movie is set jointly by source variability and by the distribution of light-travel times across the image. In the slow-light prescription, an image evaluated at fixed observer time contains photons emitted at different source times, whereas in fast light all rays sample a single source emission time. In this work we compare these light-propagation prescriptions through the lensing-band structure of Kerr geodesic delays in a controlled semianalytic setting. For a given emitting geometry, black hole spin, and observer inclination, we show how the coordinate-time delay distributions of Kerr null geodesics, decomposed by image order across lensing bands, can be compared with the source correlation time to quantify differences between light-propagation prescriptions. We find that when the intrinsic variability timescale is comparable to, or shorter than, the relevant delay spread, the high-inclination mismatch between fast- and slow-light curves can reach several tens of percent. Motivated by this geometric structure, we introduce brisk light, an intermediate prescription that compresses each lensing-band delay map to its dominant temporal interval rather than collapsing the full image to a single source time. The proposed methodology provides both a practical criterion for when slow light matters and an efficient route to black hole movies that retain the leading temporal imprint of strong lensing, a regime of direct relevance for future space-based very-long-baseline interferometry targeting photon-ring observables.

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