• Accepted Paper

Gravitational boost from second-order perturbations in a linearly expanding closed universe

E. Gjergo and P. Kroupa

Phys. Rev. D - Accepted 29 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2gw1-1bd8

Abstract

In second-order cosmological perturbation theory, products of first-order perturbations act as effective quadratic gravitational source terms. We adopt a linearly expanding closed FLRW background and study its scalar perturbations in Poisson gauge. Far from a matter overdensity, the second-order perturbations generate a nonlinear source proportional to the square of the first-order gravitational field. This quadratic dependence on the gravitational field is shared by the p=3 Laplacian, known to be the operator of the deep-MOND/AQUAL limit. Choosing the great-circle circumference as the characteristic length scale, the corresponding acceleration scale is $a_{\rm B}(t)=c/(2\pi t)$. Thus, the quadratic dependence associated with MOND-like low-acceleration operators can arise from nonlinear gravitational self-coupling in a closed, linearly expanding GR perturbation framework, under the stated assumptions.

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