- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Updated constraints on large extra dimensions from reactor antineutrino experiments

T. Gökalp Elaçmaz*

Ivan Martinez-Soler†

Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez‡

  • Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom

  • *Contact author: gokalp.elacmaz@bilkent.edu.tr
  • †Contact author: ivan.j.martinez-soler@durham.ac.uk
  • ‡Contact author: yuber.perez@uam.es
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 114, 055014 – Published 9 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zp9f-27kk

Abstract

We investigate constraints on large extra dimensions (LED) using the latest results from reactor antineutrino experiments. Specifically, we analyze the full data sets from Daya Bay, RENO, KamLAND, NEOS, and STEREO to derive updated bounds. For the case of one extra dimension, we find constrains on its radius a of a≲0.58  μm (a≲0.12  μm) at the 99% confidence level for normal (inverted) ordering, an improvement of approximately ∼20% (∼25%) compared to previous bounds from reactor experiments, assuming a massless lightest active neutrino. Furthermore, we present new limits on 4+d LED scenarios, with d=2, 3, 4 denoting the number of extra dimensions, based on the same reactor data and assuming equal radii for all extra dimensions. We find that the constraints become increasingly stringent with a larger number of extra dimensions. In particular, d=4 with a massless lightest active neutrino, we obtain limits of a≲0.112  μm for normal and a≲0.018  μm for inverted orderings at the 99% confidence level.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (68)

  1. Y. Fukuda et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1562 (1998).
  2. Q. R. Ahmad et al. (SNO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 011301 (2002).
  3. R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 912 (1980).
  4. M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, Conf. Proc. C 790927, 315 (1979).
  5. T. Yanagida, Conf. Proc. C 7902131, 95 (1979).
  6. P. Minkowski, Phys. Lett. B 67, 421 (1977).
  7. R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. D 23, 165 (1981).
  8. M. Magg and C. Wetterich, Phys. Lett. 94B, 61 (1980).
  9. G. Lazarides, Q. Shafi, and C. Wetterich, Nucl. Phys. B181, 287 (1981).
  10. C. Wetterich, Nucl. Phys. B187, 343 (1981).
  11. R. Foot, H. Lew, X. G. He, and G. C. Joshi, Z. Phys. C 44, 441 (1989).
  12. E. Ma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1171 (1998).
  13. N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. R. Dvali, Phys. Lett. B 429, 263 (1998).
  14. N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. R. Dvali, and J. March-Russell, Phys. Rev. D 65, 024032 (2001).
  15. H. Davoudiasl, P. Langacker, and M. Perelstein, Phys. Rev. D 65, 105015 (2002).
  16. Q.-H. Cao, S. Gopalakrishna, and C. P. Yuan, Phys. Rev. D 69, 115003 (2004).
  17. P. A. N. Machado, H. Nunokawa, and R. Zukanovich Funchal, Phys. Rev. D 84, 013003 (2011).
  18. M. Carena, Y.-Y. Li, C. S. Machado, P. A. N. Machado, and C. E. M. Wagner, Phys. Rev. D 96, 095014 (2017).
  19. P. A. N. Machado, H. Nunokawa, F. A. P. dos Santos, and R. Z. Funchal, Phys. Rev. D 85, 073012 (2012).
  20. D. V. Forero, C. Giunti, C. A. Ternes, and O. Tyagi, Phys. Rev. D 106, 035027 (2022).
  21. A. Esmaili, O. L. G. Peres, and Z. Tabrizi, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2014) 002.
  22. V. S. Basto-Gonzalez, A. Esmaili, and O. L. G. Peres, Phys. Lett. B 718, 1020 (2013).
  23. W. Rodejohann and H. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B 737, 81 (2014).
  24. I. Antoniadis, A. Chatrabhuti, and H. Isono, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2026) 015.
  25. D. McKeen, J. N. Ng, and M. Shamma, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083507 (2024).
  26. L. A. Anchordoqui, I. Antoniadis, D. Lust, and K. P. Castillo, Phys. Rev. D 111, 015024 (2025).
  27. Q.-H. Cao, S. Gopalakrishna, and C. P. Yuan, Phys. Rev. D 70, 075020 (2004).
  28. I. Girardi and D. Meloni, Phys. Rev. D 90, 073011 (2014).
  29. P. Eller, M. Ettengruber, and A. Zander, Phys. Rev. D 112, 055009 (2025).
  30. J. M. Berryman, A. de Gouvêa, K. J. Kelly, O. L. G. Peres, and Z. Tabrizi, Phys. Rev. D 94, 033006 (2016).
  31. K. Siyeon, S. Kim, M. Masud, and J. Park, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2024) 141.
  32. A. Giarnetti, S. Marciano, and D. Meloni, Universe 10, 357 (2024).
  33. G. V. Stenico, D. V. Forero, and O. L. G. Peres, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2018) 155.
  34. V. S. Basto-Gonzalez, D. V. Forero, C. Giunti, A. A. Quiroga, and C. A. Ternes, Phys. Rev. D 105, 075023 (2022).
  35. P. Panda, P. Mishra, S. Roy, M. Ghosh, and R. Mohanta, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2025) 018.
  36. S. Roy, Phys. Rev. D 108, 055015 (2023).
  37. J. Franklin, R. Kamath, D. Pasari, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, J. Turner, and M. A. Vogiatzi, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2026) 127.
  38. A. Gando et al. (KamLAND Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 88, 033001 (2013).
  39. D. Adey et al. (Daya Bay Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 111801 (2019).
  40. F. P. An et al. (Daya Bay Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 161802 (2023).
  41. S. Jeon et al. (RENO Collaboration), arXiv:2412.18711.
  42. Z. Atif et al. (RENO, NEOS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 105, L111101 (2022).
  43. H. Almazán et al. (STEREO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 102, 052002 (2020).
  44. J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 251802 (2018).
  45. I. Alekseev et al. (DANSS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 787, 56 (2018).
  46. Y. Abe et al. (Double Chooz Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 131801 (2012).
  47. P. Adamson et al. (MINOS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 94, 111101 (2016).
  48. I. Antoniadis, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. R. Dvali, Phys. Lett. B 436, 257 (1998).
  49. R. Rattazzi, arXiv:hep-ph/0607055.
  50. K. R. Dienes, E. Dudas, and T. Gherghetta, Nucl. Phys. B557, 25 (1999).
  51. T. A. Mueller et al., Phys. Rev. C 83, 054615 (2011).
  52. P. Huber, Phys. Rev. C 84, 024617 (2011); 85, 029901(E) (2012).
  53. C. Giunti, Y. F. Li, C. A. Ternes, and Z. Xin, Phys. Lett. B 829, 137054 (2022).
  54. J. M. Hardin, I. Martinez-Soler, A. Diaz, M. Jin, N. W. Kamp, C. A. Argüelles, J. M. Conrad, and M. H. Shaevitz, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2023) 058.
  55. A. Abusleme et al. (JUNO Collaboration), Chin. Phys. C 46, 123001 (2022).
  56. S. J. Parke and R. Zukanovich-Funchal, Phys. Rev. D 111, 013008 (2025).
  57. A. de Gouvêa and I. Martinez-Soler, Phys. Lett. B 809, 135751 (2020).
  58. M. Yeh, A. Garnov, and R. L. Hahn, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 578, 329 (2007).
  59. W. Beriguete et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 763, 82 (2014).
  60. F. P. An et al. (Daya Bay Collaboration), Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 811, 133 (2016).
  61. F. P. An et al. (Daya Bay Collaboration), Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 773, 8 (2015).
  62. P. Vogel and J. F. Beacom, Phys. Rev. D 60, 053003 (1999).
  63. S. H. Seo et al. (RENO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 98, 012002 (2018).
  64. J. K. Ahn et al. (RENO Collaboration), arXiv:1003.1391.
  65. Y. J. Ko et al. (NEOS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 121802 (2017).
  66. M. Dentler, Á. Hernández-Cabezudo, J. Kopp, M. Maltoni, and T. Schwetz, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2017) 099.
  67. F. P. An et al. (Daya Bay Collaboration), Chin. Phys. C 41, 013002 (2017).
  68. STEREO Collaboration, Improved sterile neutrino constraints from the STEREO experiment with 179 days of reactor-On data, HEPData (collection) (2021), 10.17182/hepdata.92323.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 114, 055014– Published 9 September, 2026
  • Received 30 October 2025
  • Accepted 17 July 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation