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Probing low scale leptogenesis through gravitational wave

Anirban Biswas1,* and Sougata Ganguly2,†

  • 1Department of Physics, Gaya College (a constituent unit of Magadh University, Bodh Gaya), Gaya 823001, India
  • 2Particle Theory and Cosmology Group, Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Korea

  • *Contact author: anirban.biswas.sinp@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: sganguly0205@ibs.re.kr
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 035028 – Published 24 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zkrc-lrs5

Abstract

The quest for a common origin of neutrino mass and baryogenesis is one of the long-standing goals in particle physics. A minimal gauge extension of the Standard Model by U(1)B−L symmetry provides a unique scenario to explain the tiny mass of neutrinos as well as the observed baryon asymmetry, both by virtue of three right-handed neutrinos (RHNs). Additionally, the U(1)B−L breaking scalar that generates mass of the RHNs can produce a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) via cosmological first-order phase transition. In this work, we systematically investigate TeV-scale leptogenesis considering flavor effects that are crucial in the low-temperature regime. We also explore all possible RHN production channels, which can have significant impact on the abundance of RHNs, depending on the value of the U(1)B−L gauge coupling. We demonstrate that the strong dependence of the U(1)B−L gauge sector on the baryon asymmetry as well as SGWB production can be utilized to probe a region of the model parameter space. In particular, we find that a U(1)B−L gauge boson with mass ∼10  TeV and gauge coupling ∼0.1 can explain the observed baryon asymmetry and produces a detectable SGWB in future detectors as well. Importantly, this region falls beyond the reach of the current collider sensitivity.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 035028– Published 24 February, 2026
  • Received 13 May 2025
  • Accepted 28 January 2026
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