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    Vanishing compactness gap and fermionic compact dark matter in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity

    Edwin J. Son1,*, Kyungmin Kim2,†, and John J. Oh1,‡

    • *Contact author: eddy@nims.re.kr
    • †Contact author: kkim@kasi.re.kr
    • ‡Contact author: johnoh@nims.re.kr

    Phys. Rev. D 113, 104014 – Published 8 May, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zcwn-hq7g

    Abstract

    We show that the compactness gap between black holes and neutron stars witnessed in general relativity can disappear in Hořava-Lifshitz (HL) gravity. Assuming a fermionic equation-of-state and solving the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation within the HL gravity framework, we find that there exists a minimum fermion mass mf(min)(q,y), above which the gap of the compactness between black hole and fermionic compact object vanishes, for a given deformation parameter q of HL and interaction strength y between fermions. Thus, in HL gravity, the mass and radius of an object found in the lower mass gap by LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observations might not be able to classify it as a black hole or a neutron star. It is interesting to note that a fermion of mass ∼40  GeV can form a highly compact object of mass ∼10−4M⊙ and radius ∼1  m. Such configurations may be regarded as speculative candidates for a subcomponent of cold dark matter. In addition, we find evidence for the existence of another class of compact objects whose compactness approaches that of black holes.

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