More careful treatment of matter density fluctuations in 21-cm simulations
Phys. Rev. D 112, 023537 – Published 18 July, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zc4v-2yx4
Abstract
The cosmological 21-cm signal is sourced from hyperfine transitions in neutral hydrogen atoms. Yet, although the abundance of hydrogen atoms follows the baryon density field, seminumerical codes that simulate the 21-cm signal simplify their treatment as if all the matter in the Universe was in the form of collisionless cold dark matter (CDM). This is usually done by evolving the density field via a scale-independent growth factor. In this work, we separate the baryons from CDM and evolve the two species with a proper scale-dependent growth factor (SDGF). By incorporating the SDGF in the 21cmfirstclass code, we demonstrate the effect that baryons and CDM have on the 21-cm signal at the linear dark ages epoch and the subsequent nonlinear epochs of cosmic dawn and reionization. Our analysis shows that the baryonic nature of hydrogen cannot be ignored during the dark ages and that nonlinear effects in density-field evolution must be accounted for after stars have formed. Furthermore, we discuss how the 21-cm signal is modified at lower redshifts, where ground-based 21-cm interferometers are mostly sensitive, due to the choice of working with either the “linear” or “nonlinear” matter overdensity (that is, the overdensity as computed from linear perturbation theory and nonlinear perturbation theory, respectively) in the extended Press-Schechter formalism.
