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  • Open Access

Lake- and surface-based detectors for forward neutrino physics

Nicholas W. Kamp1,*, Carlos A. Argüelles1,†, Albrecht Karle2,‡, Jennifer Thomas2,3,§, and Tianlu Yuan2,∥

  • *Contact author: nkamp@g.harvard.edu
  • †Contact author: carguelles@g.harvard.edu
  • ‡Contact author: akarle@wisc.edu
  • §Contact author: jennifer.thomas@ucl.ac.uk
  • ∥Contact author: tyuan@icecube.wisc.edu
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 052002 – Published 4 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/z4f4-wdc3

Abstract

We propose two medium-baseline, kiloton-scale neutrino experiments to study neutrinos from LHC proton-proton collisions: the Surface-based Integrated Neutrino Experiment (SINE), a surface-based scintillator panel detector observing muon neutrinos from the compact muon solenoid interaction point, and the UNDerwater Integrated Neutrino Experiment (UNDINE), a water Cherenkov detector submerged in lake Geneva observing all-flavor neutrinos from LHCb. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we estimate millions of neutrino interactions during the high-luminosity LHC era. We show that these datasets can constrain neutrino cross sections, charm production in pp collisions, strangeness enhancement as a solution to the cosmic-ray muon puzzle, and heavy neutral leptons. SINE and UNDINE thus offer a cost-effective medium-baseline complement to the proposed short-baseline forward physics facility.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 052002– Published 4 March, 2026
  • Received 27 February 2025
  • Accepted 21 January 2026
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