- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Neutrino pair annihilation driven jets from black-hole torus systems

Kyohei Kawaguchi1,2, Sho Fujibayashi3,4,1, and Masaru Shibata1,2

PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 043001 – Published 1 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yygv-6268

Abstract

We perform axisymmetric general relativistic radiation-viscous hydrodynamics simulations of black hole (BH)-torus systems with full Boltzmann Monte Carlo neutrino transport to investigate the role of neutrino-antineutrino pair annihilation in launching relativistic outflows. Our models span a wide range of BH spins, torus masses, and viscosity parameters. We find that the pair annihilation leads to the formation of relativistic fireballs in most cases, except for those with low black-hole spin and high viscosity. The isotropic-equivalent energies of these outflows reach ≲1051  erg with durations ≲0.2  s. While this is insufficient to explain the brightest short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs), our results suggest that the pair annihilation may account for some low-luminosity sGRBs and GRB precursors. We also provide updated scaling relations for the pair annihilation energy deposition rate as a function of accretion rate, and discuss the sensitivity of outflow properties to numerical resolution and floor density.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (124)

  1. B. Paczynski, Astrophys. J. Lett. 308, L43 (1986).
  2. J. Goodman, Astrophys. J. Lett. 308, L47 (1986).
  3. W. Fong, E. Berger, and D. B. Fox, Astrophys. J. 708, 9 (2010).
  4. W.-f. Fong et al., Astrophys. J. 940, 56 (2022).
  5. A. E. Nugent, W.-F. Fong, Y. Dong, J. Leja, E. Berger, M. Zevin, R. Chornock, B. E. Cobb, L. Z. Kelley, C. D. Kilpatrick, A. Levan, R. Margutti, K. Paterson, D. Perley, A. R. Escorial, N. Smith, and N. Tanvir, Astrophys. J. 940, 57 (2022).
  6. B. O’Connor, E. Troja, S. Dichiara, P. Beniamini, S. B. Cenko, C. Kouveliotou, J. B. González, J. Durbak, P. Gatkine, A. Kutyrev, T. Sakamoto, R. Sánchez-Ramírez, and S. Veilleux, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 515, 4890 (2022).
  7. K. Iwamoto et al., Nature (London) 395, 672 (1998).
  8. K. Z. Stanek et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 591, L17 (2003).
  9. A. I. MacFadyen and S. E. Woosley, Astrophys. J. 524, 262 (1999).
  10. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, S. Wanajo, K. Ioka, A. T.-L. Lam, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 111, 123017 (2025).
  11. E. Nakar, Phys. Rep. 442, 166 (2007).
  12. E. Berger, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52, 43 (2014).
  13. B. P. Gompertz et al., Nat. Astron. 7, 67 (2023).
  14. J. C. Rastinejad et al., Nature (London) 612, 223 (2022).
  15. E. Troja et al., Nature (London) 612, 228 (2022).
  16. A. J. Levan et al. (JWST), Nature (London) 626, 737 (2024).
  17. R. D. Blandford and D. G. Payne, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199, 883 (1982).
  18. S. S. Komissarov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 359, 801 (2005).
  19. J. C. McKinney, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 1561 (2006).
  20. M. V. Barkov and S. S. Komissarov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 385, L28 (2008).
  21. S. S. Komissarov and M. V. Barkov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 1153 (2009).
  22. A. Tchekhovskoy, R. Narayan, and J. C. McKinney, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418, L79 (2011).
  23. O. Bromberg and A. Tchekhovskoy, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 456, 1739 (2016).
  24. O. Gottlieb, A. Lalakos, O. Bromberg, M. Liska, and A. Tchekhovskoy, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 510, 4962 (2022).
  25. K. Hayashi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 211407 (2025).
  26. B. D. Metzger, D. Giannios, T. A. Thompson, N. Bucciantini, and E. Quataert, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413, 2031 (2011).
  27. P. Mösta, D. Radice, R. Haas, E. Schnetter, and S. Bernuzzi, Astrophys. J. Lett. 901, L37 (2020).
  28. E. R. Most and E. Quataert, Astrophys. J. Lett. 947, L15 (2023).
  29. K. Kiuchi, A. Reboul-Salze, M. Shibata, and Y. Sekiguchi, Nat. Astron. 8, 298 (2024).
  30. P. Meszaros and M. J. Rees, Astrophys. J. 405, 278 (1993).
  31. M. Jaroszynski, Astron. Astrophys. 305, 839 (1996), https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...305..839J/abstract.
  32. R. Popham, S. E. Woosley, and C. Fryer, Astrophys. J. 518, 356 (1999).
  33. M. Shibata and K. Hotokezaka, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 69, 41 (2019).
  34. K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Living Rev. Relativity 24, 5 (2021).
  35. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, K. Hotokezaka, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. D 96, 123012 (2017).
  36. S. Fujibayashi, K. Kiuchi, N. Nishimura, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Astrophys. J. 860, 64 (2018).
  37. S. Fujibayashi, M. Shibata, S. Wanajo, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 101, 083029 (2020).
  38. K. Hayashi, S. Fujibayashi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 106, 023008 (2022).
  39. K. Hayashi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 107, 123001 (2023).
  40. K. Kiuchi, S. Fujibayashi, K. Hayashi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 011401 (2023).
  41. O. Just, V. Vijayan, Z. Xiong, S. Goriely, T. Soultanis, A. Bauswein, J. Guilet, H. T. Janka, H.-T. Janka, and G. Martínez-Pinedo, Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L12 (2023).
  42. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 104, 063026 (2021).
  43. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 103, 043022 (2021).
  44. B. Muller, H.-T. Janka, and H. Dimmelmeier, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 189, 104 (2010).
  45. S. Fujibayashi, K. Takahashi, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Astrophys. J. 919, 80 (2021).
  46. S. Fujibayashi, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and S. Wanajo, Astrophys. J. 956, 100 (2023).
  47. S. Fujibayashi, A. T.-L. Lam, M. Shibata, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 109, 023031 (2024).
  48. M. Shibata, S. Fujibayashi, A. T.-L. Lam, K. Ioka, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 109, 043051 (2024).
  49. T. Kuroda and M. Shibata, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 526, 152 (2023).
  50. S. Shibagaki, T. Kuroda, K. Kotake, T. Takiwaki, and T. Fischer, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 531, 3732 (2024).
  51. T. Kuroda and M. Shibata, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 533, L107 (2024).
  52. D. Issa, O. Gottlieb, B. Metzger, J. Jacquemin-Ide, M. Liska, F. Foucart, G. Halevi, and A. Tchekhovskoy, Astrophys. J. Lett. 985, L26 (2025).
  53. S. W. Bruenn, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 58, 771 (1985).
  54. Stellar Collapse, edited by Chris L. Fryer (Springer, Netherlands, 2004).
  55. F. Galeazzi, W. Kastaun, L. Rezzolla, and J. A. Font, Phys. Rev. D 88, 064009 (2013).
  56. D. Neilsen, S. L. Liebling, M. Anderson, L. Lehner, E. O’Connor, and C. Palenzuela, Phys. Rev. D 89, 104029 (2014).
  57. H. R. Takahashi and K. Ohsuga, Astrophys. J. 772, 127 (2013).
  58. A. Sadowski, R. Narayan, J. C. McKinney, and A. Tchekhovskoy, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439, 503 (2014).
  59. J. C. McKinney, A. Tchekhovskoy, A. Sadowski, and R. Narayan, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441, 3177 (2014).
  60. A. Sadowski, R. Narayan, A. Tchekhovskoy, D. Abarca, Y. Zhu, and J. C. McKinney, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 447, 49 (2015).
  61. Y. Sekiguchi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 91, 064059 (2015).
  62. F. Foucart, E. O’Connor, L. Roberts, M. D. Duez, R. Haas, L. E. Kidder, C. D. Ott, H. P. Pfeiffer, M. A. Scheel, and B. Szilagyi, Phys. Rev. D 91, 124021 (2015).
  63. Y. Sekiguchi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 93, 124046 (2016).
  64. D. Radice, F. Galeazzi, J. Lippuner, L. F. Roberts, C. D. Ott, and L. Rezzolla, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 460, 3255 (2016).
  65. D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, A. Perego, and R. Haas, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 512, 1499 (2022).
  66. K. Kiuchi, L. E. Held, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 106, 124041 (2022).
  67. L. Sun, M. Ruiz, S. L. Shapiro, and A. Tsokaros, Phys. Rev. D 105, 104028 (2022).
  68. L. R. Werneck et al., Phys. Rev. D 107, 044037 (2023).
  69. F. Foucart, P. C.-K. Cheong, M. D. Duez, L. E. Kidder, H. P. Pfeiffer, and M. A. Scheel, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083028 (2024).
  70. M. Ruffert and H. T. Janka, Astron. Astrophys. 344, 573 (1999), https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...344..573R/abstract.
  71. S. Setiawan, M. Ruffert, and H.-T. Janka, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 352, 753 (2004).
  72. S. Setiawan, M. Ruffert, and H. T. Janka, Astron. Astrophys. 458, 553 (2006).
  73. S. Richers, D. Kasen, E. O’Connor, R. Fernández, and C. D. Ott, Astrophys. J. 813, 38 (2015).
  74. A. Perego, H. Yasin, and A. Arcones, J. Phys. G 44, 084007 (2017).
  75. K. Sumiyoshi, S. Fujibayashi, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Astrophys. J. 907, 92 (2021).
  76. O. Just, M. Obergaulinger, H. T. Janka, A. Bauswein, and N. Schwarz, Astrophys. J. Lett. 816, L30 (2016).
  77. S. Fujibayashi, Y. Sekiguchi, K. Kiuchi, and M. Shibata, Astrophys. J. 846, 114 (2017).
  78. J. M. Miller, B. R. Ryan, J. C. Dolence, A. Burrows, C. J. Fontes, C. L. Fryer, O. Korobkin, J. Lippuner, M. R. Mumpower, and R. T. Wollaeger, Phys. Rev. D 100, 023008 (2019).
  79. F. Foucart, M. D. Duez, F. Hebert, L. E. Kidder, H. P. Pfeiffer, and M. A. Scheel, Astrophys. J. Lett. 902, L27 (2020).
  80. E. Abdikamalov, A. Burrows, C. D. Ott, F. Löffler, E. O’Connor, J. C. Dolence, and E. Schnetter, Astrophys. J. 755, 111 (2012).
  81. N. Roth and D. Kasen, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 217, 9 (2015).
  82. B. R. Ryan, J. C. Dolence, and C. F. Gammie, Astrophys. J. 807, 31 (2015).
  83. F. Foucart, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 4186 (2018).
  84. J. M. Miller, B. R. Ryan, and J. C. Dolence, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 241, 30 (2019).
  85. F. Foucart, M. D. Duez, F. Hebert, L. E. Kidder, P. Kovarik, H. P. Pfeiffer, and M. A. Scheel, Astrophys. J. 920, 82 (2021).
  86. N. Roth, P. Anninos, P. B. Robinson, J. L. Peterson, B. Polak, T. K. Mangan, and K. Beyer, Astrophys. J. 933, 226 (2022).
  87. M. R. Izquierdo, J. F. Abalos, and C. Palenzuela, Phys. Rev. D 109, 043044 (2024).
  88. K. Kawaguchi, S. Fujibayashi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 107, 023026 (2023).
  89. K. Kawaguchi, S. Fujibayashi, and M. Shibata, Phys. Rev. D 111, 023015 (2025).
  90. J. A. Font, J. M. Ibáñez, and P. Papadopoulos, Astrophys. J. Lett. 507, L67 (1998).
  91. M. Shibata, K. Kiuchi, and Y.-i. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 95, 083005 (2017).
  92. S. A. Balbus and J. F. Hawley, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 1 (1998).
  93. N. I. Shakura and R. A. Sunyaev, Astron. Astrophys. 24, 337 (1973), https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973A%26A....24..337S/abstract.
  94. C. J. Horowitz, Phys. Rev. D 65, 043001 (2002).
  95. P. Meszaros and M. J. Rees, Astrophys. J. 530, 292 (2000).
  96. B. D. Metzger, A. L. Piro, and E. Quataert, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 390, 781 (2008).
  97. W.-X. Chen and A. M. Beloborodov, Astrophys. J. 657, 383 (2007).
  98. I. Zalamea and A. M. Beloborodov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410, 2302 (2011).
  99. A. Agarwal, D. M. Siegel, B. D. Metzger, and C. Nagele, arXiv:2503.15729.
  100. M. A. Aloy, H. T. Janka, and E. Muller, eConf C 041213, 0109 (2004).
  101. R. Birkl, M. A. Aloy, H. T. Janka, and E. Mueller, Astron. Astrophys. 463, 51 (2007).
  102. Z.-Y. Liu, F.-W. Zhang, and S.-Y. Zhu, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 21, 254 (2021).
  103. H.-T. Janka, P. A. Mazzali, M. A. Aloy, and E. Pian, Astrophys. J. 645, 1305 (2006).
  104. E. Troja, S. Rosswog, and N. Gehrels, Astrophys. J. 723, 1711 (2010).
  105. S. Xiao et al., Astrophys. J. 970, 6 (2024).
  106. K. Kiuchi, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 80, 064037 (2009).
  107. T. Dietrich, M. Ujevic, W. Tichy, S. Bernuzzi, and B. Bruegmann, Phys. Rev. D 95, 024029 (2017).
  108. F. Schianchi, M. Ujevic, A. Neuweiler, H. Gieg, I. Markin, and T. Dietrich, Phys. Rev. D 109, 123011 (2024).
  109. B. Karakas, R. Matur, and M. Ruffert, arXiv:2405.13687.
  110. K. Hotokezaka, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, T. Muranushi, Y.-i. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 88, 044026 (2013).
  111. K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Astrophys. J. 876, L31 (2019).
  112. O. Gottlieb, S. Moseley, T. Ramirez-Aguilar, A. Murguia-Berthier, M. Liska, and A. Tchekhovskoy, Astrophys. J. Lett. 933, L2 (2022).
  113. F. Foucart, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 4186 (2018).
  114. M. R. Izquierdo, J. F. Abalos, and C. Palenzuela, Phys. Rev. D 109, 043044 (2024).
  115. K. Kyutoku, K. Ioka, H. Okawa, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 92, 044028 (2015).
  116. K. Kyutoku, H. Okawa, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 84, 064018 (2011).
  117. S. Rosswog, Astrophys. J. 634, 1202 (2005).
  118. M. Shibata and K. Taniguchi, Phys. Rev. D 77, 084015 (2008).
  119. Z. B. Etienne, Y. T. Liu, S. L. Shapiro, and T. W. Baumgarte, Phys. Rev. D 79, 044024 (2009).
  120. G. Lovelace, M. D. Duez, F. Foucart, L. E. Kidder, H. P. Pfeiffer, M. A. Scheel, and B. Szilegyi, Classical Quantum Gravity 30, 135004 (2013).
  121. F. Foucart, T. Hinderer, and S. Nissanke, Phys. Rev. D 98, 081501 (2018).
  122. R. Fernández, A. Tchekhovskoy, E. Quataert, F. Foucart, and D. Kasen, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, 3373 (2019).
  123. I. M. Christie, A. Lalakos, A. Tchekhovskoy, R. Fernández, F. Foucart, E. Quataert, and D. Kasen, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 490, 4811 (2019).
  124. S. Fujibayashi, M. Shibata, S. Wanajo, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, and Y. Sekiguchi, Phys. Rev. D 102, 123014 (2020).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 043001– Published 1 August, 2025
  • Received 2 June 2025
  • Accepted 8 July 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by the Max Planck Society.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation