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    Dark energy survey: Modeling strategy for multiprobe cluster cosmology and validation for the full six-year dataset

    Chun-Hao To1,*, Elisabeth Krause2, Chihway Chang1,3, Hao-Yi Wu4, Risa H. Wechsler5,6,7, Eduardo Rozo8, David H. Weinberg9,10, D. Anbajagane3, S. Avila11 et al. (DES Collaboration)

    S. Avila11, J. Blazek12, S. Bocquet13, M. Costanzi14,15,16, J. De Vicente11, J. Elvin-Poole17, A. Ferté7, S. Grandis13, J. Muir18,19, A. Porredon11,20, S. Samuroff12,21, E. Sanchez11, D. Sanchez Cid11,22, I. Sevilla-Noarbe11, N. Weaverdyck23,24, T. M. C. Abbott25, M. Aguena26, F. Andrade-Oliveira22, D. Bacon27, M. R. Becker28, D. Brooks29, A. Carnero Rosell30,26,31, J. Carretero21, A. Choi32, L. N. da Costa26, M. E. S. Pereira33, T. M. Davis34, S. Desai35, P. Doel29, C. Doux59, S. Everett36, J. Frieman1,37,3, J. García-Bellido38, M. Gatti3, E. Gaztanaga39,27,40, G. Giannini21,3, D. Gruen13, G. Gutierrez37, S. R. Hinton34, D. L. Hollowood41, K. Honscheid9,42, T. Jeltema41, K. Kuehn43,44, S. Lee45, J. L. Marshall46, J. Mena-Fernández47, R. Miquel48,21, J. J. Mohr49,50, J. Myles51, A. Palmese52, A. A. Plazas Malagón6,7, A. K. Romer53, T. Shin54, M. Smith55, E. Suchyta56, G. Tarle57, V. Vikram, A. R. Walker25, and J. Weller50,58 (DES Collaboration)

    • 1Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
    • 2Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0065, USA
    • 3Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
    • 4Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, USA
    • 5Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
    • 6Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
    • 7SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
    • 8Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
    • 9Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
    • 10Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
    • 11Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
    • 12Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
    • 13University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
    • 14Astronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy
    • 15INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
    • 16Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy
    • 17Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
    • 18Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
    • 19Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
    • 20Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, German Centre for Cosmological Lensing, 44780 Bochum, Germany
    • 21Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
    • 22Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
    • 23Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
    • 24Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
    • 25Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
    • 26Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA, Av. Pastor Martin Luther King Jr., 126 Del Castilho, Nova América Offices, Torre 3000/sala 817 CEP: 20765-000, Brazil
    • 27Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
    • 28Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
    • 29Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
    • 30Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
    • 31Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
    • 32NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
    • 33Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
    • 34School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
    • 35Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
    • 36California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
    • 37Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinios 60510, USA
    • 38Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
    • 39Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
    • 40Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
    • 41Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
    • 42Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
    • 43Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
    • 44Lowell Observatory, 1400 Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA
    • 45Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
    • 46George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
    • 47LPSC Grenoble—53, Avenue des Martyrs 38026 Grenoble, France
    • 48Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan
    • 49Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
    • 50Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
    • 51Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
    • 52Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA
    • 53Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
    • 54Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
    • 55Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
    • 56Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
    • 57Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
    • 58Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
    • 59Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France

    • *Contact author: chto@uchicago.edu

    Phys. Rev. D 112, 063537 – Published 18 September, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ynqj-6hsb

    Abstract

    We introduce an updated To&Krause2021 model for joint analyses of cluster abundances and large-scale two-point correlations of weak lensing and galaxy and cluster clustering (termed CL+3×2  pt analysis) and validate that this model meets the systematic accuracy requirements of analyses with the statistical precision of the final Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 6 (Y6) dataset. The validation program consists of two distinct approaches, (i) identification of modeling and parametrization choices and impact studies using simulated analyses with each possible model misspecification and (ii) end-to-end validation using mock catalogs from customized Cardinal simulations that incorporate realistic galaxy populations and DES-Y6-specific galaxy and cluster selection and photometric redshift modeling, which are the key observational systematics. In combination, these validation tests indicate that the model presented here meets the accuracy requirements of DES-Y6 for CL+3×2  pt based on a large list of tests for known systematics. In addition, we also validate that the model is sufficient for several other data combinations: the CL+GC subset of this data vector (excluding galaxy–galaxy lensing and cosmic shear two-point statistics) and the CL+3×2  pt+BAO+SN (combination of CL+3×2  pt with the previously published Y6 DES baryonic acoustic oscillation and Y5 supernovae data).

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