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    DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillations from the Lyman alpha forest multipoles

    Naim Göksel Karaçaylđš€1,2,3,*, Andrei Cuceu4, J. Aguilar4, S. Ahlen5, S. Bailey4, S. BenZvi6, D. Bianchi7,8, A. Brodzeller4, D. Brooks9 et al. (DESI Collaboration)

    D. Brooks9, T. Claybaugh4, A. de la Macorra10, B. Dey11,12, P. Doel9, J. Estrada13, S. Ferraro4,14, A. Font-Ribera15,16, J. E. Forero-Romero17,18, E. Gaztañaga19,20,21, S. Gontcho A Gontcho22, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales23, G. Gutierrez13, C. Hahn24, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar25,26, K. Honscheid1,3, C. Howlett27, M. Ishak28, R. Joyce29, R. Kehoe30, D. Kirkby31, T. Kisner4, A. Kremin4, O. Lahav9, M. Landriau4, J. M. Le Goff26, L. Le Guillou32, M. E. Levi4, M. Manera33,16, P. Martini1,2, A. Meisner29, R. Miquel15,16, J. Moustakas34, A. Muñoz-GutiĂ©rrez10, S. Nadathur20, N. Palanque-Delabrouille26,4, W. J. Percival35,36,37, F. Prada38, I. PĂ©rez-RĂ fols39, G. Rossi40, E. Sanchez41, D. Schlegel4, M. Schubnell42,43, H. Seo44, J. Silber4, D. Sprayberry29, G. TarlĂ©43, B. A. Weaver29, R. Zhou4, and H. Zou45 (DESI Collaboration)

    • 1Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
    • 2Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
    • 3Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
    • 4Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
    • 5Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
    • 6Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, P.O. Box 270171, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
    • 7Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” UniversitĂ  degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
    • 8INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
    • 9Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
    • 10Instituto de FĂ­sica, Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico, Circuito de la InvestigaciĂłn CientĂ­fica, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. de MĂ©xico C. P. 04510, MĂ©xico
    • 11Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
    • 12Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
    • 13Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
    • 14University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall No. 5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
    • 15InstituciĂł Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de LluĂ­s Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
    • 16Institut de FĂ­sica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
    • 17Departamento de FĂ­sica, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, BogotĂĄ, Colombia
    • 18Observatorio AstronĂłmico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 BogotĂĄ, Colombia
    • 19Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
    • 20Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
    • 21Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
    • 22University of Virginia, Department of Astronomy, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
    • 23Departamento de FĂ­sica, DCI-Campus LeĂłn, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, LeĂłn, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, MĂ©xico
    • 24Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
    • 25Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. 98 bis boulevard Arago. 75014 Paris, France
    • 26IRFU, CEA, UniversitĂ© Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
    • 27School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
    • 28Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
    • 29NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
    • 30Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
    • 31Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
    • 32Sorbonne UniversitĂ©, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique NuclĂ©aire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
    • 33Departament de FĂ­sica, Serra HĂșnter, Universitat AutĂČnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
    • 34Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena University, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
    • 35Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
    • 36Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
    • 37Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
    • 38Instituto de AstrofĂ­sica de AndalucĂ­a (CSIC), Glorieta de la AstronomĂ­a, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
    • 39Departament de FĂ­sica, EEBE, Universitat PolitĂšcnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
    • 40Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
    • 41CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
    • 42Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
    • 43University of Michigan, 500 South State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
    • 44Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
    • 45National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China

    • *Contact author: karacayli.1@osu.edu

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 043518 – Published 11 August, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yl3v-cyck

    Abstract

    We present an alternative measurement of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) using the Legendre multipole representation of the Lyman-α forest correlation functions from the second data release (DR2) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument survey. Compressing the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions into Legendre multipoles yields a positive-definite covariance matrix without any smoothing—unlike the baseline DR2 analysis—thanks to a significantly reduced data vector size. We introduce the statistical corrections required to debias the finite-sample covariance matrix estimate and demonstrate that monopole and quadrupole terms for both autocorrelations and cross-correlations can be used even when the correlation functions are distorted by continuum errors and contaminated by metals. This formalism has slightly diminished the constraining power of the BAO scale, while considerably weakening constraints on nuisance parameters. We measure the isotropic BAO scale with 0.93% precision at zeff=2.35, the Hubble parameter H(zeff)=(239.5±3.4)(147.09  Mpc/rd) km s−1 Mpc−1, and the transverse comoving distance DM(zeff)=(5.80±0.10)(rd/147.09  Mpc) Gpc for a given value of the sound horizon (rd). Our BAO results are entirely consistent with the baseline DR2 analysis.

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