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Multiple dispersive bounds. I. The z expansion

Silvano Simula

Ludovico Vittorio

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 074017 – Published 14 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yc48-jyww

Abstract

We propose the implementation of two ingredients in the phenomenological applications of the unitary approach based on the z-expansion of hadronic form factors, commonly referred to as the Boyd-Grinstein-Lebed (BGL) z-expansion [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4603 (1995).; Phys. Lett. B 353, 306 (1995).; Nucl. Phys. B461, 493 (1996).; [Phys. Rev. D 56, 6895 (1997).] . The first ingredient is the explicit addition of a unitarity filter applied to a given set of input data for the hadronic form factors. This further constraint is not usually taken into account in the phenomenological applications of the BGL z-expansion. We show that it follows from the equivalence between the BGL approach and the dispersion matrix (DM) method [Phys. Rev. D 104, 054502 (2021).], which also describes hadronic form factors in a completely model-independent and nonperturbative way. The second ingredient is represented by the introduction of suitable kernel functions in the evaluation of unitarity bounds, leading to the application of multiple dispersive bounds to hadronic form factors, whenever data and/or (non)perturbative techniques allow to do so. This idea may be useful for the investigation of many physical processes, from the analysis of the electromagnetic form factors of mesons and baryons to the study of weak semileptonic decays of hadrons. An explicit numerical application will be presented in the companion paper [Phys. Rev. D 113, 074018 (2026).], where the effects of subthreshold branch-cuts are analyzed.

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Multiple dispersive bounds. II. Subthreshold branch cuts

Silvano Simula and Ludovico Vittorio
Phys. Rev. D 113, 074018 (2026)

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 074017– Published 14 April, 2026
  • Received 24 September 2025
  • Accepted 23 March 2026
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