- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Parametric coincidence in the baryon to dark matter ratio from Affleck-Dine baryogenesis and UV freeze-in dark matter

Jae Hyeok Chang1,2, Chang Sub Shin3,4,5, and James Unwin2

PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 075026 – Published 15 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/y78v-zg2g

Abstract

We highlight that the observed concurrence between the baryon and dark matter relic densities can be explained via a parametric coincidence between two distinct production mechanisms: Affleck-Dine baryogenesis and dark matter UV freeze-in. In the Affleck-Dine mechanism, the baryon asymmetry is naturally proportional to the inflationary reheating temperature Trh, which also plays a critical role in setting the relic abundance of UV freeze-in dark matter. Since Affleck-Dine baryogenesis requires flat directions in the potential, the framework is inherently supersymmetric, offering compelling UV freeze-in dark matter candidates such as the gravitino. We outline scenarios in which Trh simultaneously determines both relic abundances, resulting in a baryon-to-dark matter ratio of order unity that is largely insensitive to Trh. We also discuss the conditions required to avoid Q-ball formation or dark matter production by other mechanisms, such as next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle decays, to preserve the parametric coincidence between baryon and dark matter abundances.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (102)

  1. N. Aghanim et al., Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  2. L. J. Hall, K. Jedamzik, J. March-Russell, and S. M. West, Freeze-in production of FIMP dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2010) 080.
  3. F. Elahi, C. Kolda, and J. Unwin, UltraViolet freeze-in, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2015) 048.
  4. I. Affleck and M. Dine, A new mechanism for baryogenesis, Nucl. Phys. B249, 361 (1985).
  5. M. Dine, L. Randall, and S. D. Thomas, Baryogenesis from flat directions of the supersymmetric standard model, Nucl. Phys. B458, 291 (1996).
  6. A. D. Sakharov, Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the Universe, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 5, 32 (1967).
  7. R. Allahverdi and A. Mazumdar, Supersymmetric thermalization and quasi-thermal universe: Consequences for gravitinos and leptogenesis, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2006) 008.
  8. M. A. G. Garcia and M. A. Amin, Prethermalization production of dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 98, 103504 (2018).
  9. C. Cheung and K. M. Zurek, Affleck-Dine cogenesis, Phys. Rev. D 84, 035007 (2011).
  10. J. G. Rosa and D. M. C. Silva, Comparable dark matter and baryon abundances with a heavy dark sector, Phys. Lett. B 846, 138178 (2023).
  11. A. Strumia, Thermal production of axino dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2010) 036.
  12. L. Covi, J. E. Kim, and L. Roszkowski, Axinos as cold dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2001) 027.
  13. K. Y. Choi, J. E. Kim, and L. Roszkowski, Review of axino dark matter, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 63, 1685 (2013).
  14. J. E. Kim, A common scale for the invisible axion, local SUSY GUTs and Saxino decay, Phys. Lett. B 136, 378 (1984).
  15. K. Rajagopal, M. S. Turner, and F. Wilczek, Cosmological implications of axinos, Nucl. Phys. B358, 447 (1991).
  16. E. J. Chun, J. E. Kim, and H. P. Nilles, Axino mass, Phys. Lett. B 287, 123 (1992).
  17. T. Goto and M. Yamaguchi, Is axino dark matter possible in supergravity?, Phys. Lett. B 276, 103 (1992).
  18. L. Covi, H. B. Kim, J. E. Kim, and L. Roszkowski, Axinos as dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2001) 033.
  19. R. D. Peccei and H. R. Quinn, CP conservation in the presence of instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1440 (1977).
  20. V. S. Rychkov and A. Strumia, Thermal production of gravitinos, Phys. Rev. D 75, 075011 (2007).
  21. P. Svrcek and E. Witten, Axions in string theory, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2006) 051.
  22. A. Arvanitaki, S. Dimopoulos, S. Dubovsky, N. Kaloper, and J. March-Russell, String axiverse, Phys. Rev. D 81, 123530 (2010).
  23. R. Casalbuoni et al., A gravitino-goldstino high-energy equivalence theorme, Phys. Lett. B 215, 313 (1988).
  24. J. Kersten and O. Lebedev, Gravitino dark matter in gravity mediation, Phys. Lett. B 678, 481 (2009).
  25. J. Ellis, M. A. G. Garcia, D. V. Nanopoulos, K. A. Olive, and M. Peloso, Post-inflationary gravitino production revisited, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2016) 008.
  26. J. R. Ellis, D. V. Nanopoulos, K. A. Olive, and S. J. Rey, On the thermal regeneration rate for light gravitinos in the early Universe, Astropart. Phys. 4, 371 (1996).
  27. J. R. Ellis, J. E. Kim, and D. V. Nanopoulos, Cosmological gravitino regeneration and decay, Phys. Lett. B 145, 181 (1984).
  28. M. Bolz, A. Brandenburg, and W. Buchmuller, Thermal production of gravitinos, Nucl. Phys. B606, 518 (2001); B790, 336(E) (2008).
  29. R. H. Cyburt, J. R. Ellis, B. D. Fields, and K. A. Olive, Updated nucleosynthesis constraints on unstable relic particles, Phys. Rev. D 67, 103521 (2003).
  30. J. Pradler and F. D. Steffen, Thermal gravitino production and collider tests of leptogenesis, Phys. Rev. D 75, 023509 (2007).
  31. T. Moroi, H. Murayama, and M. Yamaguchi, Cosmological constraints on the light stable gravitino, Phys. Lett. B 303, 289 (1993).
  32. C. Cheung, G. Elor, and L. Hall, Gravitino freeze-in, Phys. Rev. D 84, 115021 (2011).
  33. H. Eberl, I. D. Gialamas, and V. C. Spanos, Gravitino thermal production revisited, Phys. Rev. D 103, 075025 (2021).
  34. K. Kaneta et al., Gravitational production of spin-3/2 particles during reheating, Phys. Rev. D 108, 115027 (2023).
  35. M. A. G. Garcia, Y. Mambrini, K. A. Olive, and M. Peloso, Enhancement of the dark matter abundance before reheating: Applications to gravitino dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 96, 103510 (2017).
  36. L. Covi, J. Hasenkamp, S. Pokorski, and J. Roberts, Gravitino dark matter and general neutralino NLSP, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2009) 003.
  37. T. Moroi, Effects of the gravitino on the inflationary Universe, arXiv:hep-ph/9503210.
  38. N. Bernal, F. Elahi, C. Maldonado, and J. Unwin, Ultraviolet freeze-in and non-standard cosmologies, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2019) 026.
  39. K. Enqvist and J. McDonald, Q balls and baryogenesis in the MSSM, Phys. Lett. B 425, 309 (1998).
  40. K. Enqvist and J. McDonald, The dynamics of Affleck-Dine condensate collapse, Nucl. Phys. B570, 407 (2000); B582, 763(E) (2000).
  41. M. Fujii and K. Hamaguchi, Nonthermal dark matter via Affleck-Dine baryogenesis and its detection possibility, Phys. Rev. D 66, 083501 (2002).
  42. H. Murayama and T. Yanagida, Leptogenesis in supersymmetric standard model with right-handed neutrino, Phys. Lett. B 322, 349 (1994).
  43. A. Kusenko and M. E. Shaposhnikov, Supersymmetric Q balls as dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 418, 46 (1998).
  44. A. de Gouvea, T. Moroi, and H. Murayama, Cosmology of supersymmetric models with low-energy gauge mediation, Phys. Rev. D 56, 1281 (1997).
  45. S. Kasuya, M. Kawasaki, and F. Takahashi, On the moduli problem and baryogenesis in gauge mediated SUSY breaking models, Phys. Rev. D 65, 063509 (2002).
  46. S. Kasuya and M. Kawasaki, Q ball formation: Obstacle to Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in the gauge mediated SUSY breaking?, Phys. Rev. D 64, 123515 (2001).
  47. F. Doddato and J. McDonald, Dark matter gravitinos and baryons via Q-ball decay in the gauge-mediated MSSM, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2013) 004.
  48. T. Asaka, M. Fujii, K. Hamaguchi, and T. Yanagida, Affleck-Dine leptogenesis with an ultralight neutrino, Phys. Rev. D 62, 123514 (2000).
  49. R. Allahverdi, B. A. Campbell, and J. R. Ellis, Reheating and supersymmetric flat direction baryogenesis, Nucl. Phys. B579, 355 (2000).
  50. A. Anisimov and M. Dine, Some issues in flat direction baryogenesis, Nucl. Phys. B619, 729 (2001).
  51. K. Enqvist and A. Mazumdar, Cosmological consequences of MSSM flat directions, Phys. Rep. 380, 99 (2003).
  52. S. R. Coleman, Q-balls, Nucl. Phys. B262, 2, 263 (1985).
  53. A. Kusenko, Small Q balls, Phys. Lett. B 404, 285 (1997).
  54. A. Kusenko, Solitons in the supersymmetric extensions of the standard model, Phys. Lett. B 405, 108 (1997).
  55. A. Cohen, S. Coleman, H. Georgi, and A. Manohar, The evaporation of Q balls, Nucl. Phys. B272, 301 (1986).
  56. M. S. Turner, Coherent scalar field oscillations in an expanding universe, Phys. Rev. D 28, 1243 (1983).
  57. K. Enqvist, A. Jokinen, and J. McDonald, Flat direction condensate instabilities in the MSSM, Phys. Lett. B 483, 191 (2000).
  58. M. Fujii, K. Hamaguchi, and T. Yanagida, Leptogenesis via LH(u) flat direction with a gauged U(1)(B-L), Phys. Rev. D 65, 043511 (2002).
  59. A. Casas, W. Y. Cheng, and G. Gelmini, Generation of large lepton asymmetries, Nucl. Phys. B538, 297 (1999).
  60. T. Moroi and H. Murayama, The minimal supersymmetric leptogenesis, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2000) 009.
  61. S. Sarkar, Big bang nucleosynthesis and physics beyond the standard model, Rep. Prog. Phys. 59, 1493 (1996).
  62. K. Jedamzik, Big bang nucleosynthesis constraints on hadronically and electromagnetically decaying relic neutral particles, Phys. Rev. D 74, 103509 (2006).
  63. M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri, and T. Moroi, Big-bang nucleosynthesis and hadronic decay of long-lived massive particles, Phys. Rev. D 71, 083502 (2005).
  64. F. D. Steffen, Gravitino dark matter and cosmological constraints, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2006) 001.
  65. T. Kanzaki, M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri, and T. Moroi, Cosmological constraints on gravitino LSP scenario with sneutrino NLSP, Phys. Rev. D 75, 025011 (2007).
  66. M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri, T. Moroi, and A. Yotsuyanagi, Big-bang nucleosynthesis and gravitino, Phys. Rev. D 78, 065011 (2008).
  67. N. Okada and O. Seto, Gravitino dark matter from increased thermal relic particles, Phys. Rev. D 77, 123505 (2008).
  68. J. Heisig, J. Kersten, B. Panes, and T. Robens, A survey for low stau yields in the MSSM, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2014) 053.
  69. J. Pradler and F. D. Steffen, Thermal relic abundances of long-lived staus, Nucl. Phys. B809, 318 (2009).
  70. N. Arkani-Hamed et al., Small neutrino masses from supersymmetry breaking, Phys. Rev. D 64, 115011 (2001).
  71. T. Kanzaki, M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri, and T. Moroi, Cosmological constraints on neutrino injection, Phys. Rev. D 76, 105017 (2007).
  72. T. Hambye, M. Hufnagel, and M. Lucca, Cosmological constraints on the decay of heavy relics into neutrinos, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2022) 033.
  73. J. S. Kim, D. E. Lopez-Fogliani, A. D. Perez, and R. R. de Austri, Right-handed sneutrino and gravitino multicomponent dark matter in light of neutrino detectors, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2023) 050.
  74. G. Belanger et al., Light mixed sneutrinos as thermal dark matter, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2010) 017.
  75. C. Arina and N. Fornengo, Sneutrino cold dark matter, a new analysis: Relic abundance and detection rates, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2007) 029.
  76. Z. Thomas, D. Tucker-Smith, and N. Weiner, Mixed sneutrinos, dark matter and the CERN LHC, Phys. Rev. D 77, 115015 (2008).
  77. T. Higaki et al., Affleck-Dine baryogenesis with R-parity violation, Phys. Rev. D 90, 045001 (2014).
  78. K. Harigaya, A. Kamada, M. Kawasaki, K. Mukaida, and M. Yamada, Affleck-Dine baryogenesis and dark matter production after high-scale inflation, Phys. Rev. D 90, 043510 (2014).
  79. A. Monteux, E. Carlson, and J. Cornell, Gravitino dark matter and flavor symmetries, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2014) 047.
  80. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), The quest to discover supersymmetry at the ATLAS experiment, Phys. Rep. 1116, 261 (2025).
  81. H. K. Dreiner et al., The ABC of RPV II: Classification of R-parity violating signatures from UDD couplings and their coverage at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2025) 258.
  82. H. K. Dreiner and G. G. Ross, Sphaleron erasure of primordial baryogenesis, Nucl. Phys. B410, 188 (1993).
  83. W. Buchmuller, L. Covi, K. Hamaguchi, A. Ibarra, and T. Yanagida, Gravitino dark matter in R-parity breaking vacua, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2007) 037.
  84. G. Moreau and M. Chemtob, R-parity violation and the cosmological gravitino problem, Phys. Rev. D 65, 024033 (2002).
  85. A. Monteux and C. S. Shin, Axino LSP baryogenesis and dark matter, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2015) 035.
  86. A. Albert et al. (Fermi-LAT Collaboration), Search for 100 MeV to 10 GeV γ-ray lines in the Fermi-LAT data and implications for gravitino dark matter in μνSSM, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2014) 023.
  87. S. Ando and K. Ishiwata, Constraints on decaying dark matter from the extragalactic gamma-ray background, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2015) 024.
  88. A. U. Abeysekara et al. (HAWC Collaboration), A search for dark matter in the galactic halo with HAWC, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2018) 049.
  89. K. Choi, E. J. Chun, and J. S. Lee, Proton decay with a light gravitino or axino, Phys. Rev. D 55, R3924 (1997).
  90. D. J. H. Chung, E. W. Kolb, and A. Riotto, Production of massive particles during reheating, Phys. Rev. D 60, 063504 (1999).
  91. G. F. Giudice, E. W. Kolb, and A. Riotto, Largest temperature of the radiation era and its cosmological implications, Phys. Rev. D 64, 023508 (2001).
  92. E. Cremmer, S. Ferrara, C. Kounnas, and D. Nanopoulos, Naturally vanishing cosmological constant in N=1 supergravity, Phys. Lett. 133B, 61 (1983).
  93. J. R. Ellis, K. Enqvist, and D. V. Nanopoulos, A very light gravitino in a no scale model, Phys. Lett. 147B, 99 (1984).
  94. S. P. Martin and P. Ramond, Sparticle spectrum constraints, Phys. Rev. D 48, 5365 (1993).
  95. J. R. Ellis, K. A. Olive, Y. Santoso, and V. C. Spanos, Gravitino dark matter in the CMSSM, Phys. Lett. B 588, 7 (2004).
  96. L. Roszkowski, R. Ruiz de Austri, and K. Y. Choi, Gravitino dark matter in the CMSSM and implications for leptogenesis and the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2005) 080.
  97. J. R. Ellis, K. A. Olive, and Y. Santoso, The MSSM parameter space with nonuniversal Higgs masses, Phys. Lett. B 539, 107 (2002).
  98. J. L. Evans, M. Ibe, K. A. Olive, and T. T. Yanagida, Light Higgsinos in pure gravity mediation, Phys. Rev. D 91, 055008 (2015).
  99. N. Arkani-Hamed, A. Delgado, and G. F. Giudice, The well-tempered neutralino, Nucl. Phys. B741, 108 (2006).
  100. S. Choi and Y. Kim, Heavy Higgs resonances for the neutralino relic density in the Higgs decoupling limit of the CP-noninvariant minimal supersymmetric standard model, Phys. Lett. B 637, 27 (2006).
  101. M. Beneke, S. Lederer, and K. Urban, Sommerfeld enhancement of resonant dark matter annihilation, Phys. Lett. B 839, 137773 (2023).
  102. D. E. Lopez-Fogliani, A. D. Perez, and R. R. de Austri, Dark matter candidates in the NMSSM with RH neutrino superfields, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2021) 067.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 075026– Published 15 October, 2025
  • Received 24 June 2025
  • Accepted 11 September 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation