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New constraints on axions with gamma-ray observations of the Crab Nebula

Kazunori Kohri1,2,3,4,5,6 and Haruki Takahashi3,5

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 035004 – Published 6 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xskn-kdn7

Abstract

In this paper, we derive the upper bounds on the coupling of axionlike particles (ALPs) with photon as a function of the mass by considering axion-photon conversion in the Crab Nebula. Previous studies have not considered the influence of the magnetic field within the Crab Nebula. The magnetic field plays a crucial role through the synchrotron self-Compton process, in which high-energy electrons produce synchrotron radiation that is subsequently upscattered by the same electrons via inverse Compton scattering to generate γ rays. Therefore, neglecting the magnetic field in modeling leads to theoretical inconsistencies. In this work, we investigate the significance of the magnetic field effect and demonstrate that even differences in magnetic field modeling can substantially alter the conversion probability. We thus, for the first time, point out that proper consideration of the magnetic field is essential in ALP searches using γ rays from the Crab Nebula. The resulting constraints reach up to a coupling of gaγγ≲1×10−11  GeV−1 for ALP masses in the range 10−10  eV≲ma≲10−6  eV.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 035004– Published 6 August, 2026
  • Received 4 December 2025
  • Accepted 3 June 2026
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