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    Numerical computation of electromagnetically sourced nonlinear tails

    Zhen-Tao He1,*, Jia Du1, Jiageng Jiao2,†, Caiying Shao1,‡, Junxi Shi2, Yu Tian1,3,§, and Hongbao Zhang4,5,∥

    • *Contact author: hezhentao22@mails.ucas.ac.cn
    • †Contact author: jiaojiageng@ucas.ac.cn
    • ‡Contact author: shaocaiying@ucas.ac.cn
    • §Contact author: ytian@ucas.ac.cn
    • ∥Contact author: hongbaozhang@bnu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 112, 104008 – Published 6 November, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xrs3-82cb

    Abstract

    Amazingly, recent studies indicate that nonlinear effects are of great significance for modeling black hole ringdown. Transient electromagnetic events in the astrophysical environment are typically high energetic, potentially responsible for some nonlinearities in ringdown. Motivated by the desire to understand these nonlinearities, we solve the inhomogeneous Bardeen-Press-Teukolsky equation numerically and find second-order gravitational tails induced by an electromagnetic source. Our results suggest that the second-order tails of curvature perturbations with multipole numbers l≥4 decay as t−2l−2 at fixed spatial position and u−l−3 in retarded-time u at null infinity, slower than their linear counterparts, which can play a role in multimessenger observations.

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